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Medical Terminology 101 > Ch.15 Diagnostic Procedures > Flashcards

Ch.15 Diagnostic Procedures Flashcards

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1
Q

albumin/o

A

Albumin, protein

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2
Q

calc/i

A

Calcium, lime, the heel

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3
Q

-centesis

A

A surgical puncture to remove fluid

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4
Q

creatin/o

A

Creatinine.

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5
Q

glycos/o

A

Glucose, sugar.

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6
Q

-graphy

A

The process of producing a picture or record

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7
Q

hemat/o

A

Blood, relating to the blood.

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8
Q

lapar/o

A

Abdomen, abdominal wall

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9
Q

-otomy

A

Cutting, surgical incision.

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10
Q

phleb/o

A

Vein.

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11
Q

radi/o

A

Radiation, x-rays.

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12
Q

-scope

A

Instrument for visual examination

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13
Q

-scopy

A

Visual examination.

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14
Q

son/o

A

Sound.

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15
Q

-uria

A

Urine, urination.

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16
Q

acetaminophen

A

An analgesic that reduces pain and fever, but does not relieve inflammation

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17
Q

acupuncture

A

traditional Chinese medical practice using thin needles inserted into specific points of the body

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18
Q

albuminuria

A

presence of the protein albumin in the urine; a sign of impaired kidney function

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19
Q

analgesic

A

class of drugs that relieves pain without affecting consciousness

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20
Q

antipyretic

A

Medication administered to prevent or reduce fever

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21
Q

arthrocentesis

A

surgical puncture of a joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis

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22
Q

auscultation

A

Listening through a stethoscope for sounds within the body

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23
Q

bacteriuria

A

The presence of bacteria in the urine

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24
Q

bruit

A

abnormal sound heard during auscultation of an artery

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25
Q

calciuria

A

abnormal presence of calcium in the urine

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26
Q

compliance

A

patient’s consistency and accuracy in following the regimen prescribed by a physician or other health care professional

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27
Q

computed tomography

A

thin fan-shaped x-ray beam that rotates around the patient to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body

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28
Q

contraindication

A

factor in a patient’s condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised

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29
Q

creatinuria

A

increased concentration of creatinine in the urine

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30
Q

echocardiography

A

ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart.

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31
Q

endoscope

A

small flexible tube with a light and a lens on the end

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32
Q

fluoroscopy

A

imaging technique used to visualize body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen

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33
Q

glycosuria

A

presence of glucose in the urine.

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34
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage, by volume, of a blood sample occupied by red blood cells

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35
Q

hematuria

A

presence of blood in the urine.

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36
Q

hyperthermia

A

extremely high fever

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37
Q

hypothermia

A

abnormally low body temperature

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38
Q

idiosyncratic reaction

A

unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to an individual.

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39
Q

interventional radiology

A

use of radiographic imaging to guide a procedure such as a biopsy

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40
Q

intradermal injection

A

administration of medication by injection into the middle layers of the skin

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41
Q

intramuscular injection

A

administration of medication by injection directly into muscle tissue

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42
Q

intravenous injection

A

administration of medication by injection directly into a vein

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43
Q

ketonuria

A

presence of ketones in the urine

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44
Q

laparoscopy

A

visual examination of the interior of the abdomen with the use of a laparoscope

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45
Q

lithotomy position

A

examination position in which the patient is lying on the back with the feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups

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46
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

imaging technique that uses a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and converted into images of any plane through the body; also known as MRI

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47
Q

ophthalmoscope

A

instrument used to examine the interior of the eye

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48
Q

otoscope

A

instrument used to visually examine the external ear canal and tympanic membrane

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49
Q

palliative

A

substance that eases the pain or severity of the symptoms of a disease but does not cure it

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50
Q

parenteral

A

Taken into the body, or administered, in a manner other than through the digestive tract

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51
Q

percussion

A

diagnostic procedure to determine the density of a body area that uses the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers

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52
Q

perfusion

A

flow of blood through an organ

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53
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

surgical puncture to draw fluid from the pericardial sac for the purpose of removing fluid

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54
Q

phlebotomy

A

puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood; also known as venipuncture

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55
Q

placebo

A

inactive substance that is given only for its suggestive effects

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56
Q

positron emission tomography

A

imaging technique that combines tomography with radionuclide tracers to produce enhanced images of selected body organs or areas

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57
Q

prone position

A

examination position in which the patient is lying on the abdomen with the face down

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58
Q

proteinuria

A

presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine

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59
Q

pyuria

A

presence of pus in the urine

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60
Q

radiolucent

A

substance that allows x-rays to pass through and appears black or dark gray on the resulting film

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61
Q

radiopaque

A

substance that does not allow x-rays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film

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62
Q

rales

A

Abnormal crackle-like lung sounds heard through a stethoscope during inspiration

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63
Q

recumbent

A

Any position in which the patient is lying down. This can be on the back, front, or side

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64
Q

rhonchi

A

Coarse rattling breath sounds that are somewhat like snoring

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65
Q

Sims’ position

A

examination position in which the patient is lying on the left side with the right knee and thigh drawn up and the left arm placed along the back

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66
Q

single photon emission computed tomography

A

type of nuclear imaging test that produces 3D computer-reconstructed images showing perfusion through tissues and organs

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67
Q

speculum

A

instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity to facilitate inspection of its interior

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68
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

instrument used to measure blood pressure

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69
Q

stethoscope

A

instrument used to listen to sounds within the body

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70
Q

stridor

A

abnormal, high-pitched, musical breathing sound caused by a blockage in the throat or in the larynx (voice box)

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71
Q

subcutaneous injection

A

administration of medication by injection into the fatty layer just below the skin

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72
Q

transdermal

A

Medication administered from a patch that is applied to unbroken skin

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73
Q

transesophageal echocardiography

A

ultrasonic imaging technique that is performed from inside the esophagus to evaluate heart structures

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74
Q

ultrasonography

A

imaging of deep body structures by recording the echoes of sound wave pulses that are above the range of human hearing; also known as ultrasound and diagnostic ultrasound

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75
Q

urinalysis

A

examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

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76
Q

Stat

A

Immediately

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77
Q

profile

A

means tests that are frequently performed as a group on automated multi-channel laboratory testing equipment

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78
Q

phlebotomist

A

a medical professional who is trained to draw blood from patients for various laboratory tests and other procedures

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79
Q

Phlebotomy

A

also known as venipuncture, is the puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood

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80
Q

arterial stick

A

the puncture of an artery, usually on the inside of the wrist, to obtain arterial blood. Arterial blood differs from venous blood mostly in the concentration of dissolved gases it contains

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81
Q

capillary puncture

A

the technique used when only a small amount of blood is needed as a specimen for a blood test. Named for where it is performed, a capillary puncture is usually known as a finger, heel, or earlobe stick

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82
Q

complete blood cell count CBC

A

a series of tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions. Blood disorders are discussed in

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83
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

also known as a sed rate, is a test based on the speed with which the red blood cells separate from the plasma and fall to the bottom of a specialized test tube. An elevated sed rate indicates the presence of inflammation in the body

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84
Q

hematocrit

A

describes the percentage, by volume, of a blood sample occupied by red cells ( hemat/o means blood, and -crit means to separate). This test is used to diagnose abnormal states of hydration (fluid levels in the body), polycythemia (excess red blood cells), and anemia

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85
Q

platelet count

A

measures the number of platelets in a specified amount of blood and is a screening test to evaluate platelet function. It is also used to monitor changes in the blood associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These changes include thrombocytosis (an abnormal increase in the number of platelets) and thrombocytopenia (an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets).

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86
Q

red blood cell count (RBC)

A

a determination of the number of erythrocytes in the blood. A depressed count can indicate anemia or an acute hemorrhage

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87
Q

total hemoglobin test (Hb)

A

usually part of a complete blood count ( hem/o means blood, and -globin means protein). Elevated Hb levels indicate a higher than normal hemoglobin concentration in the plasma due to polycythemia or dehydration. Low Hb indicates lower than normal hemoglobin concentration due to anemia, recent hemorrhage, or fluid retention

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88
Q

white blood cell count (WBC)

A

a determination of the number of leukocytes in the blood. An elevated count can be an indication of infection or inflammation

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89
Q

white blood cell differential count

A

tests to see what percentage of the total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes. This provides information about the patient’s immune system, detects certain types of leukemia, and determines the severity of infection

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90
Q

basic metabolic panel (BMP, or Profile 8)

A

is a group of eight specific blood tests that provide important information about the current status of the patient’s kidneys, electrolyte balance, blood sugar, and calcium levels. Significant changes in these test results can indicate acute problems such as kidney failure, diabetes-related complications, or respiratory problems

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91
Q

blood urea nitrogen test (BUN)

A

measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood due to the waste product urea. This test is performed to obtain an indication of kidney function. Urea (you-REE-ah) is the major end product of protein metabolism found in urine and blood

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92
Q

Crossmatch tests

A

are performed to determine the compatibility of blood donor and the recipient before a blood transfusion. Agglutination is a positive reaction that indicates the donor unit is not a suitable match. Agglutination is the clumping together of red blood cells

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93
Q

C-reactive protein test (CRP)

A

is performed to identify high levels of inflammation within the body. The information provided by this test is obtained by the presence of the C-reactive protein, which is produced by the liver only during episodes of acute inflammation. Although this test does not identify the specific cause of the inflammation, an elevated level can indicate a heart attack, coronary artery disease, or an autoimmune disorder

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94
Q

lipid panel

A

also called a lipid profile, measures the amounts of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides in a blood sample

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95
Q

Prothrombin time

A

also known as pro time, is a coagulation test used to diagnose conditions associated with abnormalities of clotting time and to monitor anticoagulant therapy. A longer prothrombin time can be caused by serious liver disease, bleeding disorders, blood-thinning medicines, or a lack of vitamin K

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96
Q

serum bilirubin test

A

measures the ability of the liver to take up, process, and secrete bilirubin into the bile. This test is useful in determining whether a patient has liver disease or a blocked bile duct

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97
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay

A

measures circulating blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) that can indicate abnormal thyroid activity

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98
Q

arterial blood gas analysis

A

measures the pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels of arterial blood. This test is used to evaluate lung and kidney function and overall metabolism

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99
Q

Urinalysis

A

the examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

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100
Q

Routine urinalysis

A

performed to screen for urinary and systemic disorders. This test uses a dipstick. This is a plastic strip impregnated with chemicals that react with substances in the urine and change color when abnormalities are present

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101
Q

Microscopic examination

A

the specimen is performed when more detailed testing of the specimen is necessary, for example to identify casts. Casts are fibrous or protein materials, such as pus and fats, that are thrown off into the urine in kidney disease. (Note: The term cast is also used to describe a rigid dressing, traditionally made of gauze and plaster, used to immobilize a bone that has been fractured.

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102
Q

average normal pH range of urine

A

from 4.5 to 8.0.

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103
Q

Acidosis

A

excessive acid in the body fluids.

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104
Q

alkalosis

A

excessive alkalinity in body fluids . pH value above 7 indicates alkaline urine and can indicate conditions such as a urinary tract infection

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105
Q

Low specific gravity

A

is characteristic of diabetes insipidus

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106
Q

Albuminuria

A

the presence of the protein albumin in the urine. High test levels are a sign of impaired kidney function

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107
Q

Bacteriuria

A

the presence of bacteria in the urine

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108
Q

Calciuria

A

the presence of calcium in the urine ( calci means calcium, and -uria means urine). Abnormally high levels can be diagnostic for hyperparathyroidism as described in Chapter 13. Lower-than-normal levels can indicate osteomalacia

109
Q

Creatinuria

A

an increased concentration of creatinine in the urine ( creatin means creatinine, and -uria means urine). Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism that is normally removed by the kidneys. The presence of excess creatinine is an indication of increased muscle breakdown or a disruption of kidney function

110
Q

drug-screening urine test

A

a rapid method of identifying the presence in the body of one or more drugs of abuse such as cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. These tests are also used to detect the use of performance-enhancing drugs by athletes

111
Q

Hematuria

A

is the presence of blood in the urine ( hemat means blood, and -uria means urine). This condition can be caused by kidney stones, infection, kidney damage, or bladder cancer

112
Q

Ketonuria

A

the presence of ketones in the urine

113
Q

Proteinuria

A

the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine

114
Q

Pyuria

A

the presence of pus in the urine ( py means pus, and -uria means urine). When pus is present, the urine is turbid in appearance. Turbid means having a cloudy or smoky appearance

115
Q

urine culture and sensitivity tests,

A

also known as a urine C and S, is a laboratory test that is used to identify the cause of a urinary tract infection and to determine which antibiotic would be the most effective treatment

116
Q

Endoscopy

A

the visual examination of the interior of a body cavity ( endo means within, and -scopy means visual examination). These procedures are usually named for the organs involved

117
Q

Endoscopic surgery

A

a surgical procedure that is performed through very small incisions with the use of an endoscope and specialized instruments. These procedures are named for the body parts involved, for example arthroscopic surgery

118
Q

endoscope

A

a small, flexible tube with a light and a lens on the end ( endo means within and -scope means an instrument for visual examination). These fiber-optic instruments are named for the body parts they are designed to examine. For example, a hysteroscope is used to examine the interior of the uterus, while a laparoscope is used to examine the interior of the abdomen

119
Q

Laparoscopy

A

the visual examination of the interior of the abdomen with the use of a laparoscope that is passed through a small incision in the abdominal wall

120
Q

Centesis

A

a surgical puncture to remove excess fluid or to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes

121
Q

Abdominocentesis

A

the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid

122
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

a surgical puncture of the joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis to determine the cause of pain or swelling in a joint

123
Q

Cardiocentesis

A

also known as cardiopuncture, is the puncture of a chamber of the heart for diagnosis or therapy

124
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

the puncture of the pericardial sac for the purpose of removing fluid

125
Q

Radiography

A

Uses x-radiation (x-rays) passing through the patient to expose a film or create a digital image that shows the body in profile. In the resulting film, hard tissues are light, soft tissues are shades of gray, and air is black

126
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Uses x-radiation (x-rays) with computer assistance to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body. Hard tissues are light, and soft tissues appear as shades of gray.

127
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Uses a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce images. Hard tissues are dark, and soft tissues appear as shades of gray

128
Q

contrast medium

A

administered by swallowing, via an enema, or intravenously to make specific body structures visible. Specialized substances are used depending on the imaging systems and the body parts to be enhanced. These media are either radiopaque or radiolucent

129
Q

Radiopaque

A

means that the substance does not allow x-rays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film. Radiopaque is the opposite of radiolucent

130
Q

Radiolucent

A

means that the substance, such as air or nitrogen gas, allows x-rays to pass through and appears black or dark gray on the resulting film. Radiolucent is the opposite of radiopaque

131
Q

intravenous contrast medium

A

injected into a vein to make the flow of blood through blood vessels and organs visible

132
Q

Barium

A

a radiopaque contrast medium used primarily to visualize the gastrointestinal tract (Figure 15.12). It is administered orally as a barium swallow for an upper GI study. It is administered rectally as a barium enema for a lower GI study. Radiography and fluoroscopy are used to trace the flow of the barium

133
Q

Conventional radiology

A

creates an image of hard-tissue internal structures by the exposure of sensitized film to x-radiation ( radi means radiation, and -ology means study of). The resulting film is known as a radiograph or radiogram; however, it is commonly referred to as an x-ray.

134
Q

ionizing radiation

A

X-radiation is beneficial in producing diagnostic images and in treating cancer; however, excess exposure to this radiation is dangerous, and the effects are cumulative. Because x-radiation is invisible, has no odor, and cannot be felt, appropriate precautions must always be taken to protect the technician and the patient

135
Q

Dosimetry

A

The science of measuring radiation exposure is called dosimetry

136
Q

Radiopaque hard tissues

A

such as bone and tooth enamel, appear white or light gray on the radiograph

137
Q

Radiolucent soft tissues

A

such as muscles, and skin, appear as shades of gray to black on the radiograph

138
Q

radiologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders with x-rays and other forms of radiant energy

139
Q

Interventional radiology

A

the use of radiographic imaging to guide a procedure such as a biopsy. It is also used to confirm the placement of an inserted object such as a stent or feeding tube

140
Q

radiographic positioning

A

describes the placement of the patient’s body and the part of the body that is closest to the x-ray film

141
Q

radiographic projection

A

describes the path that the x-ray beam follows through the patient’s body from the entrance to the exit

142
Q

extraoral radiography

A

means that the film is placed and exposed outside of the mouth

143
Q

radiographic projection

A

describes the path that the x-ray beam follows through the patient’s body from the entrance to the exit

144
Q

panoramic radiograph

A

commonly known as a Panorex, shows all of the structures in both dental arches in a single film

145
Q

Intraoral radiography

A

means that the film is placed within the mouth and exposed by a camera positioned next to the exterior of the cheek

146
Q

Tomography

A

is the use of x-rays or ultrasound to produce a cross-section of the body

147
Q

computed tomography CT CAT

A

sometimes referred to as a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, uses a thin, fan-shaped x-ray beam that rotates around the patient to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body

148
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and converted into images of any plane through the body. These images are used to construct images of internal organs and tissues that often do not show up well in radiographs. An MRI is a noninvasive means of examining soft tissues such as those of the heart, blood vessels, brain, spinal cord, joints, muscles, and internal organs

149
Q

closed MRI

A

which is the most commonly used type of equipment, produces the most accurate images; however, patients may be uncomfortable because of the loud noise and the feeling of being closed in. In addition, some patients may not fit into the narrow tube of a closed MRI machine

150
Q

open MRI

A

designed to be less confining and is more comfortable for some people, especially large patients and those suffering from claustrophobia

151
Q

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

also known as magnetic resonance angio, helps locate problems within blood vessels throughout the body

152
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

the visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen

153
Q

Cineradiography

A

he recording of the fluoroscopy images ( cine- means relationship to movement, radi/o means radiation, and -graphy means process of recording a picture or record)

154
Q

Ultrasonography

A

commonly referred to as ultrasound or diagnostic ultrasound, is imaging of deep body structures by recording the echoes of sound wave pulses that are above the range of human hearing

155
Q

sonogram

A

the image created by ultrasonography ( son/o means sound, and -gram means a picture or record). These images are created by a sonographer, who is a technician specifically trained in this technique

156
Q

Carotid ultrasonography

A

the use of sound waves to image the carotid artery to detect an obstruction that could cause an ischemic stroke

157
Q

Echocardiography

A

an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart

158
Q

Echocardiography

A

an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart.The resulting record is an echocardiogram. Note: not to be confused with an electrocardiogram (EKG)

159
Q

Doppler echocardiogram

A

is performed in the same way as an echocardiogram; however, this procedure measures the speed and direction of the blood flow within the heart

160
Q

Fetal ultrasound

A

a noninvasive procedure used to image and evaluate fetal development during pregnancy (Figures 15.18 and 15.19). 3D/4D ultrasound is a technique that uses specialized equipment to create photograph-like images of the developing child.

161
Q

Transesophageal echocardiography

A

an ultrasonic imaging technique used to evaluate heart structures. This diagnostic test is performed from inside the esophagus, and because the esophagus is so close to the heart, this technique produces clearer images than those obtained with echocardiography

162
Q

nuclear medicine

A

drugs known as radiopharmaceuticals are used for either diagnostic or treatment purposes. Radiopharmaceuticals contain radioactive materials called radioisotopes that produce a powerful form of energy called radiation. They can be inserted into a vein, taken by mouth, or placed inside the body

163
Q

nuclear medicine technologist

A

specializes in the preparation and administration of radiopharmaceuticals

164
Q

Nuclear imaging

A

he use of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic purposes. These images document the structure and function of the organ or organs being examined. Unlike x-ray technology, in which the radiation is external, nuclear imaging involves a low dose of radiopharmaceuticals taken internally

165
Q

radionuclide tracer

A

also known as a radioactive tracer, which is specific to the body system being examined. The short-lived tracer can be given by mouth or inserted into a vein

166
Q

nuclear scan

A

as a scintigram, is a diagnostic procedure that uses nuclear medicine technology to gather information about the structure and function of organs or body systems that cannot be seen on conventional x-rays

167
Q

bone scan

A

a nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown. The results are obtained after a radionuclide tracer is injected into the bloodstream, and the patient then waits while the material travels through the body tissues

168
Q

thyroid scan

A

This scan makes use of the thyroid gland’s ability to concentrate certain radioactive isotopes to generate images of it. A thyroid scan provides information about the size, shape, location, and relative activity of different parts of the thyroid gland

169
Q

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

a type of nuclear imaging test that produces 3D computer-reconstructed images showing perfusion through tissues and organs

170
Q

Perfusion

A

means the flow of blood through an organ

171
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

also known as PET imaging, combines tomography with radionuclide tracers, usually inserted into a vein, to produce enhanced images of selected body organs or areas

172
Q

Pharmacology

A

he study of the nature, uses, and effects of drugs for medical purposes ( pharmac means drug

173
Q

pharmacist

A

a licensed specialist who formulates and dispenses prescribed medications

174
Q

ac

A

before meals

175
Q

ad lib

A

as desired

176
Q

amt

A

amount

177
Q

bid

A

twice a day

178
Q

NPO

A

Nothing by Mouth

179
Q

pc

A

after meals

180
Q

po

A

by mouth

181
Q

prn

A

as needed

182
Q

qh

A

ever hour

183
Q

qid

A

four times a day

184
Q

Rx

A

prescription

185
Q

Sig

A

to be labeled accordingly

186
Q

tid

A

three times a day

187
Q

prescription

A

a medication that can legally be dispensed only by a pharmacist with an order from a licensed professional such as a physician or dentist

188
Q

over-the-counter

A

drug, also known as an OTC, is a medication that can be purchased without a prescription

189
Q

generic drug

A

usually named for its chemical structure and is not protected by a brand name or trademark. For example, diazepam is the generic name of a drug frequently used as skeletal muscle relaxant, sedative, and anti-anxiety agent

190
Q

brand-name

A

drug is sold under the name given the drug by the manufacturer. A brand name is always spelled with a capital letter. For example, Valium ® is a brand name for diazepam

191
Q

formulary

A

a list of prescription drugs covered by a specific health care plan. The term originally referred to a book listing ingredients and formulas for making medicines

192
Q

Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)

A

the most commonly used drug information guide. It is updated annually

193
Q

addiction

A

compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a drug, alcohol, or other substance. It can also be a habit or practice that cannot be stopped without causing severe emotional, mental, or physiologic reactions

194
Q

Controlled substances

A

addictive prescription medicines and illegal drugs whose manufacture, possession, and use are regulated by the government

195
Q

Drug tolerance

A

when the body has become accustomed to a medication after being on it for a length of time, and higher doses are required to achieve the desired effect

196
Q

adverse drug reaction (ADR)

A

also known as a side effect, is an undesirable reaction that accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken

197
Q

Compliance

A

the patient’s consistency and accuracy in following the regimen prescribed by a physician or other health care professional. As used here, regimen means directions or rules

198
Q

contraindication

A

a factor in the patient’s condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised

199
Q

drug interaction

A

the result of drugs reacting with each other, often in ways that are unexpected or potentially harmful. Such interactions can occur when medications are taken along with herbal remedies or when more than one prescription drug is taken at the same time

200
Q

Synergism

A

the interaction of two drugs taken together that enhances the effectiveness of both. The term comes from the Greek term for working together

201
Q

idiosyncratic reaction

A

an unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the individual

202
Q

palliative

A

a substance that eases the pain or severity of the symptoms of a disease but does not cure it. Palliative care is treatment that focuses on alleviating pain and relieving symptoms rather than curing the disease

203
Q

paradoxical reaction

A

the result of medical treatment that yields the opposite of normally expected results. Paradoxical means not being normal or the usual kind

204
Q

placebo

A

an inactive substance, such as a sugar pill or liquid, that is administered only for its suggestive effects. In medical research, a placebo is sometimes administered to a control group, while the drug being studied is sometimes administered to the other group

205
Q

antipyretic

A

medication administered to prevent or reduce fever ( anti- means against, pyret means fever, and -ic means pertaining to). These medications, such as aspirin and acetaminophen, act by lowering a raised body temperature; however, they do not affect a normal body temperature when a fever is not present

206
Q

anti-inflammatory

A

relieves inflammation and pain without affecting consciousness

207
Q

analgesic

A

refers to the class of drugs that relieves pain without affecting consciousness. These include such drugs as aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen

208
Q

Non-narcotic analgesics

A

such as aspirin, are sold over the counter for mild to moderate pain. Prescription pain relievers, sold through a pharmacy under the direction of a physician, are used for moderate to severe pain

209
Q

Narcotic analgesics

A

such as morphine, Demerol, and codeine, are available by prescription only to relieve severe pain. These medications also have a sedative (calming) effect and can cause physical dependence or addiction

210
Q

Acetaminophen

A

an analgesic that reduces pain and fever but does not relieve inflammation; however, it does not have the negative side effects of NSAIDS. This substance is the basic ingredient found in Tylenol and its generic equivalent

211
Q

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

non-narcotic analgesics administered to control pain by reducing inflammation and swelling. NSAIDS, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, are available over the counter. Stronger NSAIDs are available by prescription. Medications in this group can cause side effects, including attacking the stomach lining and thinning the blood

212
Q

Ibuprofen

A

a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine that is sold over the counter under the brand names of Advil and Motrin. This medication acts an analgesic and an antipyretic

213
Q

anticonvulsants and antidepressants

A

Anticonvulsants are traditionally administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy. Antidepressants are primarily administered to prevent or relieve depression.

214
Q

Pain-relieving creams

A

applied topically to relieve pain due to conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The primary active ingredient in these ointments is capsaicin, a chemical found in chili peppers

215
Q

Transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation (TENS)

A

a method of pain control by wearing a device that delivers small electrical impulses, as needed, to the nerve endings through the skin ( trans- means across, cutane means skin, and -ous means pertaining to). These electrical impulses cause changes in muscles, such as numbness or contractions, which produce temporary pain relief. The term transcutaneous means performed through the unbroken skin

216
Q

Inhalation administration

A

describes vapors and gases taken in through the nose or mouth and absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs. One example is the use of a metered-dose inhaler to treat asthma (see Chapter 7) or the gases used for general anesthesia

217
Q

Oral administration

A

refers to medications taken by mouth to be absorbed through the walls of the stomach or small intestine. These drugs can be in the form of liquids, tablets (pills), or capsules. Medications to be released in the small intestine are covered with an enteric coating to prevent them from being absorbed in the stomach

218
Q

Rectal administration

A

is the insertion of medication in the rectum either in the form of a suppository or a liquid. A suppository is medication in a semisolid form that is introduced into the rectum. The suppository melts at body temperature, and the medication is absorbed through the surrounding tissues

219
Q

Sublingual administration

A

the placement of medication under the tongue where it is allowed to dissolve slowly ( sub- means under, lingu means tongue, and -al means pertaining to). Because the sublingual tissues are highly vascular, the medication is quickly absorbed directly into the bloodstream. Highly vascular means containing many blood vessels

220
Q

topical application

A

a liquid or ointment that is rubbed into the skin on the area to be treated; for example, cortisone ointment is applied topically to relieve itching and to speed healing; antibiotic ointments are applied over minor wounds to prevent infection

221
Q

transdermal

A

medication is administered from a patch that is applied to unbroken skin ( trans- means through or across, derm means skin, and -al means pertaining to). The medication, which is continuously released by the patch, is absorbed through the skin and transmitted to the bloodstream so that it can produce a systemic effect. These multilayered patches are used to convey medications, such as nitroglycerin for angina, hormones for hormone replacement therapy, or nicotine patches for smoking cessation

222
Q

parenteral

A

means taken into the body or administered in a manner other than through the digestive tract. The most common use of parenteral administration is by injection through a hypodermic syringe

223
Q

Subcutaneous injection (SC)

A

made into the fatty layer just below the skin

224
Q

intradermal injection

A

made into the middle layers of the skin

225
Q

intramuscular injection (IM)

A

made directly into muscle tissue

226
Q

intravenous injection (IV)

A

made directly into a vein

227
Q

PICC line

A

, which is the abbreviation for peripherally inserted central catheter, is frequently used for a patient who will need IV therapy for more than 7 days

228
Q

bolus

A

which is also known as a bolus infusion, is a single, concentrated dose of a drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. The term bolus is also used in relation to the digestive system

229
Q

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

A

available to patients today. Some have been researched and proven effective, while others have little research to support their claims. These therapies can be used to supplement or replace allopathic medicine

230
Q

Allopathic medicine

A

is another term for conventional, or Western, medical practices and systems of health care

231
Q

Alternative medicine

A

general term for practices and systems of health care other than allopathic approaches used in place of these treatments

232
Q

Complementary medicine

A

a general term for practices and systems of health care other than allopathic approaches used to supplement these treatments

233
Q

Integrative medicine

A

a model of health care based on both allopathic and alternative medicine

234
Q

holistic

A

to a treatment approach that takes into consideration the whole body and its environment, including the mind, body, and spirit

235
Q

Wellness

A

a general term that means actively working toward a state of being in good physical and mental health. Factors contributing to wellness include a healthy diet, exercise, stress reduction, and the avoidance of risky behavior such as smoking or not wearing a seatbelt

236
Q

Ayurvedic medicine

A

s the traditional Hindu system of medicine, emphasizing a holistic approach to preventive treatment through hygiene, exercise, herbal preparations, and yoga and the treatment of illnesses with herbal medicines, physiotherapy, and diet

237
Q

Traditional Chinese medicine

A

a system of ancient Chinese medicinal treatments including acupuncture, diet, herbal therapy, meditation, physical exercise, and massage to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease

238
Q

Kinesiology

A

the study of body movements and physical activity. This science should not be confused with applied kinesiology, an alternative therapy that combines muscle monitoring with the principles of Chinese medicine

239
Q

Naturopathy

A

also known as naturopathic medicine, is a combination of nutrition, medicinal supplements and herbs, water therapy, homeopathy, and lifestyle modifications used to identify and treat the root causes of symptoms and disease instead of surgery and drugs. It emphasizes supporting the body’s own innate healing ability and the healing power of nature

240
Q

Homeopathy

A

involves the use of substances created from plant or mineral products diluted a thousand-fold in water or alcohol. Homeopaths believe that the body can stimulate its own healing responses when the right trigger is given in minute doses, producing symptoms similar to the disease being treated

241
Q

Mind–body therapies

A

try to reduce stress and prevent its negative effects on the body. They can be used for stress reduction, pain management, lifestyle changes, and depression. These therapies are based on the belief that emotions, such as stress, trigger physiological responses. By becoming aware of and reducing stressful emotions and thoughts, it is possible to decrease physical stress and its negative effects

242
Q

Biofeedback

A

a patient-guided treatment that teaches individuals to control muscle tension, pain, body temperature, brain waves, and other bodily functions through relaxation, visualization, and other cognitive control techniques

243
Q

Guided imagery

A

or visualization, is a type of treatment in which a patient follows verbal prompts to envision a specific, peaceful location in detail, distancing him- or herself from any pain or stress the patient is currently experiencing

244
Q

Hypnosis

A

a type of therapy in which a patient is placed in a state of focused concentration and narrowed attention that makes him or her more susceptible to suggestions, and then given suggestions directed toward the patient’s treatment goal

245
Q

Mindfulness meditation

A

focuses on becoming aware of thoughts and emotions and their physiological responses, as well as accepting them and maintaining a calm, constant awareness

246
Q

Energy therapies

A

to improve or maintain health by manipulating the body’s energy flow, or qi. Qi is believed to be the fundamental life energy responsible for health and vitality. These therapies are based on the belief that illness is linked to blocked or insufficient energy levels

247
Q

Acupressure

A

a traditional Chinese touch therapy involving finger pressure applied to specific areas of the body to restore the flow of qi

248
Q

Acupuncture

A

a traditional Chinese medical practice using very thin acupuncture needles inserted into specific points of the body to restore the flow of qi

249
Q

Reiki

A

a Japanese technique in which the practitioner transfers healing energy to the patient by means of visualization or gentle touch

250
Q

Hands-on therapies

A

try to improve body function by physically manipulating or massaging the body. They can be used for neck or back pain, relaxation, and increased range of motion. This therapy is based on the belief that the body functions more efficiently when it is in proper alignment, and that it is possible to identify and correct poor movement and posture habits

251
Q

Chiropractic manipulative therapy

A

a system of mechanical spinal adjustments made by a chiropractor to correct biomechanical problems in the skeletal framework of the body

252
Q

Osteopathic manipulative therapy

A

mechanical spinal adjustment used in conjunction with conventional medical therapies by an osteopath (

253
Q

Craniosacral therapy

A

the use of gentle touch to help the body release tension, stress, and trauma to correct restrictions resulting from stress on the central nervous system

254
Q

Myofascial release

A

a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), and carpal tunnel syndrome

255
Q

Neuromuscular therapy (NMT)

A

a form of massage that uses soft-tissue manipulation focusing on applying pressure to trigger points to treat injuries and alleviate pain. A trigger point is a particularly taut band of muscle that is tender to the touch

256
Q

ADR

A

adverse drug reaction

257
Q

BPM

A

beats per minute

258
Q

BP

A

blood pressure

259
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

260
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

261
Q

CT Scan

A

computed tomography scan

262
Q

Endo

A

endoscopy

263
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

264
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

265
Q

HCT

A

hematocrit

266
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

267
Q

RR

A

respiratory rate

268
Q

TPR

A

temperature, pulse, respiration

269
Q

WBC

A

white blood count

Medical Terminology 101 (20 decks)

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