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Medical Terminology 101 > Ch.6 Lymphatic And Immune Systems > Flashcards

Ch.6 Lymphatic And Immune Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Lymph/o

A

Fluid that removes cell waste, pathogens, and dead cells from tissue

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2
Q

lymphangi/o

A

capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from the tissues to the venous bloodstream

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3
Q

Tonsill/o,

A

Lymphoid structures that protect the entry to the respiratory system

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4
Q

Adenoid/o

A

lymphoid structures that protect the respiratory system

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5
Q

Splen/o

A

spleen, sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic systems

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6
Q

Bone marrow makes

A

lymphocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (white blood cells

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7
Q

lymphocyt/o

A

Lymphocytes, Specialized leukocytes

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8
Q

Thym/o

A

Thymus, gland in the upper chest that works with the immune and lymphatic system

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9
Q

Immun/o

A

Protection, immunity

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10
Q

Adeno/o

A

Gland

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11
Q

Lymphaden/o

A

Lymph gland, or lymph node

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12
Q

Anis/o

A

Unequal

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13
Q

Lip/o

A

fat

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14
Q

Megaly

A

Enlargement

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15
Q

Emia

A

Blood condition or something in the blood

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16
Q

-Penia

A

deficiency

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17
Q

O/rrhagia

A

hemorrhage

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18
Q

-Poiesis

A

production or formation of

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19
Q

-pathy

A

disease

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20
Q

lysis

A

destruction or breaking apart

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21
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

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22
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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23
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of connective tissue

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24
Q

Pan

A

all

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25
Q

Hyperlipemia

A

too much fat in blood

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26
Q

Carcin/o

A

Cancerous

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27
Q

neo-, ne/o

A

new, strange

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28
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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29
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

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30
Q

-plasm

A

formative material of cells

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31
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

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32
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

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33
Q

tox/o

A

poison

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34
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

most advanced and fatal stages of HIV, AIDS

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35
Q

allergen

A

something that provokes allergic reaction

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36
Q

anaphylaxis

A

severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly and could kill

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37
Q

antibiotics

A

medication capable of killing pathogenic invaders in you

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38
Q

antibody

A

disease fighting protein

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39
Q

antifungals

A

medication capable of killings fungus

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40
Q

Antigen

A

anything that the body considers foreign

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41
Q

antigen–antibody reaction

A

binding of antigens to antibodies.

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42
Q

autoimmune disorder

A

large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies to work against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens.

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43
Q

bacilli

A

Rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria.

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44
Q

bacteria

A

group of one-celled microscopic organisms, some of which are pathogenic

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45
Q

benign

A

Not life-threatening

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46
Q

candidiasis

A

infection caused by yeast, a type of fungus

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47
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue.

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48
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

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49
Q

complement system

A

group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells.

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50
Q

cytokines

A

group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells that act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response

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51
Q

cytomegalovirus

A

group of large herpes-type viruses found in most body fluids and most often causing an infection without signs or symptoms. Can cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system or when passed from mother to unborn child.

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52
Q

cytotoxic drug

A

Medication that kills or damages cells.

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53
Q

ductal carcinoma in situ

A

Breast cancer at its earliest stage, before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct.

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54
Q

hemolytic

A

Describes the function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells) and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse.

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55
Q

herpes zoster

A

acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of the inflamed nerve.

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56
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

malignancy of the lymphatic system that is distinguished from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes

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57
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

A

A bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system

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58
Q

immunoglobulins

A

Bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

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59
Q

immunosuppressant

A

A substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response

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60
Q

immunotherapy

A

treatment of disease by either stimulating or repressing the immune response

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61
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes

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62
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

Breast cancer that starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the surrounding fatty breast tissue; also known as invasive ductal carcinoma.

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63
Q

interferons

A

Produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. They activate the immune system, fight viruses, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.

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64
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

Any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes.

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65
Q

lymphangioma

A

benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system.

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66
Q

lymphedema

A

Swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

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67
Q

lymphocytes

A

One of three types of cells that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells that act as specialized antibodies.

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68
Q

lymphoma

A

general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues.

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69
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

diagnostic test to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels.

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70
Q

macrophage

A

type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells

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71
Q

malaria

A

A disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.

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72
Q

malignant

A

Becoming progressively worse and life-threatening.

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73
Q

mammography

A

A radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells.

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74
Q

metastasis

A

process by which cancer is spread to a new site; may refer to the tumor itself.

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75
Q

metastasize

A

To spread from one place to another.

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76
Q

myoma

A

benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

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77
Q

myosarcoma

A

malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue.

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78
Q

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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79
Q

opportunistic infection

A

Caused by a pathogen that normally does not cause illness in healthy humans, but is able to cause an infection in a weakened host.

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80
Q

osteosarcoma

A

ard-tissue sarcoma usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or the knees

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81
Q

parasite

A

plant or an animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

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82
Q

rabies

A

acute viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal.

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83
Q

rickettsia

A

Small bacteria that live in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites that transmit infection to humans.

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84
Q

rubella

A

viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash; also known as German measles or 3-day measles.

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85
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue; plural, sarcomas or sarcomata.

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86
Q

spirochetes

A

Long, slender spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

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87
Q

splenomegaly

A

Abnormal enlargement of the spleen.

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88
Q

staphylococci

A

Group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes

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89
Q

streptococci

A

Bacteria that form a chain

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90
Q

systemic reaction

A

severe reaction to an allergen; also described as anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock.

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91
Q

teletherapy

A

Radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body that is precisely targeted with the use of three-dimensional computer imaging.

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92
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces.

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93
Q

varicella

A

highly contagious disease caused by a herpes virus characterized by a fever and rash; also known as chickenpox.

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94
Q

Pathogens

A

disease-producing microorganisms

95
Q

Malignant cells

A

potentially life-threatening cancer cells

96
Q

Intact skin

A

first line of defense in the lymphatic system

97
Q

respiratory system

A

second line of defense that traps foreign matter in mucous membranes or hair, coughing and sneezing helps too.

98
Q

digestive system

A

destroys invader’s with acids

99
Q

Tolerance

A

refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen

100
Q

antibody

A

disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

101
Q

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

A

most abundant class of antibodies, and they are found in blood serum and lymph. These antibodies are active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles.

102
Q

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

A

class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingested antigens. These antibodies are found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, or tears, and they function to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs.

103
Q

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

A

the class of antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids. These are the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen

104
Q

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

A

the class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells. These antibodies are important in B cell activation

105
Q

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

A

the class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. These antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions

106
Q

Phagocytes

A

specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen–antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis

107
Q

Monocytes

A

leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms

108
Q

macrophage

A

type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells . Macrophages also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells.

109
Q

Dendritic cells

A

specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections

110
Q

complement system

A

group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

111
Q

Immunity

A

the state of being resistant to a specific disease. This resistance can be present naturally, or it can be acquired

112
Q

Natural immunity

A

known as passive immunity, is resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease

113
Q

Acquired immunity

A

obtained by having had a contagious disease. Being vaccinated against a contagious disease provides protection against that disease, such as measles or polio, without having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease

114
Q

vaccine

A

preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened

115
Q

Vaccination

A

provides protection against the disease; however, for some conditions a periodic booster is required to maintain the effectiveness of the immunization

116
Q

CBC

A

Complete blood count

117
Q

RBC

A

red blood cell count

118
Q

WBC

A

White blood cell count

119
Q

DIFF

A

differential of each type of white blood cell present

120
Q

HCT

A

percentage of RBC

121
Q

HGB

A

percentage of hemoglobin present

122
Q

Leukemia

A

blood cancer where too much white blood cells present

123
Q

Anemia

A

lack of red blood cells

124
Q

allergic reaction

A

occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader

125
Q

allergy

A

also known as hypersensitivity, is an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen

126
Q

allergen

A

a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual

127
Q

localized allergic response

A

includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen. For example, contact with poison ivy can cause a localized allergic response in the form of an itchy rash

128
Q

systemic reaction

A

a severe response to an allergen. As shown in Figure 6.7, the symptoms of this response develop quickly. Without prompt medical aid, the patient can die within a few minutes.

129
Q

autoimmune disorder

A

is any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

130
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disorder affects nerve and muscle synapses

131
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

autoimmune disorder that affects the red blood cells

132
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

autoimmune disorder that affects the intestines, ileum, or the colon.

133
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord

134
Q

Scleroderma

A

autoimmune disorder that affects the skin and connective tissues

135
Q

Graves’ disease

A

autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland

136
Q

immunodeficiency disorder

A

occurs when the immune response is compromised

137
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections

138
Q

human immunodeficiency virus HIV

A

bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections

139
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

an example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV. This cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin; in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat; or in other organs

140
Q

ELISA

A

the acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as Lyme disease and other infectious conditions

141
Q

western blot test

A

a blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test. The western blot test is performed to confirm the diagnosis when the results of the ELISA test are positive for HIV. This is necessary because the ELISA test sometimes produces a false positive result in which the test erroneously indicates the presence of HIV.

142
Q

Synthetic immunoglobulins

A

known as immune serum, are used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis.

143
Q

Synthetic interferon

A

is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers.

144
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells. These artificially produced antibodies are used to enhance the patient’s immune response to certain malignancies, including some non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer

145
Q

Immunosuppression

A

treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

146
Q

immunosuppressant

A

a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response

147
Q

corticosteroid drug

A

a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant

148
Q

Bacilli

A

rod-shaped, spore forming bacteria. pathogenic

149
Q

Anthrax

A

contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with Bacillus anthracis. Spores grown in laboratories have been used in biological warfare

150
Q

rickettsia

A

small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites (plural, rickettsiae). Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick.

151
Q

Spirochetes

A

long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

152
Q

Lyme disease

A

transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick that has had contact with a deer infected with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. It is named for Old Lyme, Connecticut, where it was first diagnosed. Symptoms of Lyme disease include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash known as erythema migrans. If untreated, Lyme disease can spread to the joints, heart, and nervous system. Syphilis is also caused by spirochetes

153
Q

Staphylococci

A

a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes ( staphyl/o means clusters or bunches of grapes, and -cocci means spherical bacteria). (The singular is staphylococcus.) Most staphylococci are harmless and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms; however, others are capable of producing very serious infections

154
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

also known as staph aureus, is a form of staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning.

155
Q

Streptococci

A

bacteria that form a chain ( strept/o means twisted chain, and -cocci means spherical bacteria). (The singular is streptococcus.) Many streptococcal species are harmless; however, other members of this group are responsible for serious illnesses such as strep throat, meningitis (see Chapter 10), endocarditis (see Chapter 5), and necrotizing fasciitis

156
Q

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target. When this occurs, the surviving bacteria become resistant to this particular drug. As more and more bacteria become resistant to first-line antibiotics, the consequences are severe because the illness lasts longer, and the risk of complications and death increases

157
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

A

commonly known as MRSA, is one of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics.

158
Q

fungus

A

simple parasitic organism

159
Q

Tinea pedis

A

athlete’s foot, is a fungal infection that develops between the toes

160
Q

candidiasis

A

Yeast infections occur on the skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist areas such as the vagina or mouth and are caused by the pathogenic yeast

161
Q

Oral thrush

A

yeast infection that occurs in the mouth

162
Q

vaginal candidiasis

A

occurs in the vagina

163
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces. Can cause birth defects

164
Q

Viruses

A

very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells. After invading the cell, the virus reproduces and then breaks the wall of the infected cell to release the newly formed viruses. These viruses spread to other cells and repeat the process

165
Q

Influenza

A

commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics. Flu symptoms include fever, sore throat, muscle aches, cough, runny nose, and fatigue. Complications can include pneumonia. A vaccine is available annually to protect against the most common strains of influenza

166
Q

Measles

A

an acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus. Symptoms include a red, itchy rash over the entire body, a high fever, runny nose, and coughing. Serious complications of measles can include photophobia, which is a severe sensitivity to light

167
Q

Mumps

A

an acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just in front of the ears. In adults, mumps can also cause painful swelling of the ovaries or testicles

168
Q

Rubella

A

also known as German measles or three-day measles, is a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash. Although not usually severe or long-lasting, rubella is serious in a woman during early pregnancy because it can cause defects in a developing fetus

169
Q

Rubella

A

also known as German measles or three-day measles, is a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash. Although not usually severe or long-lasting, rubella is serious in a woman during early pregnancy because it can cause defects in a developing fetus.

170
Q

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination MMR

A

immunization can prevent these three viral illnesses and should be administered in early childhood.

171
Q

Rabies

A

an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal. An infected animal is said to be rabid. If risk is suspected, it is necessary to undergo testing immediately so that post-exposure treatment can be started as quickly as possible. Without testing and treatment, the signs and symptoms of rabies usually occur 30 to 90 days after the bite, and once symptoms have developed, rabies is almost always fatal

172
Q

West Nile virus

A

spread by mosquito. Mild symptoms are flue. A more severe variety spreads to the spinal cord and brain. West Nile virus is a member of the Flavivirus genus, which also includes the viruses that cause the mosquito-borne tropical disease dengue fever

173
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

is found in most body fluids ( cyt/o means cell, megal/o means large, vir means virus, and -us is a singular noun ending). It is most often present as a silent infection in which the individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection, although it can potentially cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system, or when it is transmitted from the mother to her unborn child. This transmission can cause serious congenital disabilities to the child

174
Q

Varicella

A

lso known as chickenpox, is caused by the herpes virus Varicella zoster and is highly contagious. The condition is characterized by a fever and a rash consisting of hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts

175
Q

bactericide

A

a substance that causes the death of bacteria

176
Q

bacteriostatic

A

agent slows or stops the growth of bacteria ( bacteri means bacteria, and -static means causing control). This group of antibiotics includes tetracycline, sulfonamide, and erythromycin

177
Q

antifungal

A

n agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi ( anti- means against, fung means fungus, and -al means pertaining to). Lotrimin is an example of a topical antifungal that is applied to treat or prevent athlete’s foot. This type of medication is also known as an antimycotic

178
Q

antiviral drug

A

such as acyclovir, is used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity

179
Q

Oncology

A

the study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer ( onc means tumor, and -ology means study of). Most cancers are named for the part of the body where the cancer originated. Cancer can attack all body systems and is the second leading cause of death in the United States after heart disease

180
Q

neoplasm

A

tumor

181
Q

an abnormal growth of body tissue. Within this mass, the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and progressive

A

neoplasm

182
Q

benign tumor

A

not a form of cancer, and it is not life-threatening

183
Q

myoma

A

an example of a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

184
Q

myosarcoma

A

example of a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

185
Q

Angiogenesis

A

the process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

186
Q

Antiangiogenesis

A

form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor

187
Q

Cancer

A

class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues

188
Q

metastasize

A

means to spread from one place to another. Cancer sometimes moves from its primary site and metastasizes (spreads) to a secondary site, often through the circulatory or lymphatic system

189
Q

Metastasis

A

describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site, and the term is also used to describe the tumor itself (plural, metastases). A metastasis can be in the same body system or within another body system at a distance from the primary site. Metastasis is a Latin word meaning transition

190
Q

carcinoma

A

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

191
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

192
Q

sarcoma

A

a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues

193
Q

Hard-tissue sarcomas

A

arise from bone or cartilage

194
Q

Soft-tissue sarcomas

A

cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue, including the synovial tissues that line the cavities of joints. For example, a synovial sarcoma

195
Q

Liquid-tissue sarcomas

A

arise from blood and lymph. For example, leukemia (loo-KEE-mee-ah) is a cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow

196
Q

Staging

A

the process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient’s prognosis. Stages can be indicated by letters, numbers or Roman numerals. Specific staging systems are used for different types of cancer

197
Q

Stage 1 cancer

A

The cancerous tumor has formed within a polyp inside the colon but has not yet invaded the surrounding tissue

198
Q

Stage 2 cancer

A

The cancer has invaded the underlying tissue

199
Q

Stage 3 cancer

A

spread to the underlying tissues and nearby lymph nodes

200
Q

Lymphoma

A

a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues ( lymph means lymph, and -oma means tumor). This includes lymph nodes, the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. The two most common types of lymphomas are Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

201
Q

Breast cancer

A

carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites

202
Q

ER-positive

A

growth in response to the hormone estrogen

203
Q

BRCA1, BRCA2 genes

A

abnormal genes that carry a higher risk of breast, ovarian, and certain other cancers

204
Q

Ductal carcinoma in situ

A

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct. At this stage, the cure rate is nearly 100%

205
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct. This is the most common form of breast cancer

206
Q

Inflammatory breast cancer

A

rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast. IBC grows rapidly, and the symptoms include pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness or a rash on the breast, and swelling of nearby lymph nodes

207
Q

Male breast cancer

A

can occur in the small amount of breast tissue that is normally present in men

208
Q

Breast self-examination

A

is a self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer. The focus of self-examination is checking for a new lump or for changes in an existing lump, the shape of the nipple, or the skin covering the breast

209
Q

Palpation of the breast

A

a test performed by a trained health care provider to check the texture, size, and consistency of the breast. Palpation is explained in

210
Q

Mammography

A

radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

211
Q

Molecular breast imaging (MBI)

A

a nuclear medicine technique (see Chapter 15) using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue

212
Q

breast MRI

A

uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contrast medium via IV, to get more detailed information for those already diagnosed with cancer or to look for signs of cancer in patients at high risk

213
Q

needle breast biopsy

A

a technique in which an x-ray or MRI guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and the planning of treatment

214
Q

surgical biopsy

A

the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis. After a diagnosis has been established, treatment is then planned based on the stage of the cancer

215
Q

sentinel node biopsy

A

a biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading into the rest of the body

216
Q

Lymph node dissection

A

a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area

217
Q

lumpectomy

A

the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue

218
Q

mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of the entire breast and nippl

219
Q

radical mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

220
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

221
Q

Immediate breast reconstruction

A

begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an “expander” is placed to replace the tissue that was removed

222
Q

Delayed breast reconstruction

A

may be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment. Several different techniques are used to restore the size and shape of the missing breast

223
Q

Chemotherapy

A

the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

224
Q

Chemoprevention

A

is the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur. Chemoprevention may also be used to reduce the size or slow the development of an existing tumor

225
Q

antineoplastic

A

a medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

226
Q

Cytotoxic drugs

A

which are also used for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy

227
Q

radiation therapy

A

With the goal of destroying only the cancerous tissues while sparing healthy tissues

228
Q

Brachytherapy

A

the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

229
Q

Teletherapy

A

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body. With the assistance of three-dimensional computer imaging, it is possible to aim doses more precisely

230
Q

Tomotherapy

A

the combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated.

231
Q

Targeted therapy

A

a developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. A monoclonal antibody is a type of targeted therapy.

232
Q

Adjuvant therapy

A

sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur

233
Q

Clinical trials

A

involve testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on patients who agree to be part of the research

Medical Terminology 101 (20 decks)

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