Ch.7 Respiratory System Flashcards
nas/o
nose
sinus/o
sinusus, makes mucus, and makes head lighter
pharyng/o
Pharynx, Transports air back and forth between the nose and the trachea.
laryng/o
Larynx, Makes speech possible.
epiglott/o
Epiglottis, Closes off the trachea during swallowing.
trache/o
Trachea, Transports air back and forth between the pharynx and the bronchi.
bronch/o, bronchi/o
Bronchi, Transports air from the trachea into the lungs.
alveol/o
Alveoli, air sacs that exchange gases with the pulmonary capillary blood
pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o
Lungs, Bring oxygen into the body, and remove carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body
Py/o
Pus
Milano
Black
Myc/o
Fungus
Bronch/o Bronch/i
Bronchus
Thorac/o, Thor/a
Chest
Centisis
Surgical puncture for removal
Ptysis
Coughing or spitting
Rrhea
Flow discharge
Rrhagia
Bleeding or hemorrhage
osis
abnormal condition
dys
abnormal, or painful
A- An-
without, lack of
ox/i, ox/o, ox/y
oxygen
phon/o
Sound, voice.
pleur/o
Pleura, side of the body
-pnea
Breathing.
pneum/o
Lung, air
somn/o
Sleep
spir/o
To breathe
thorac/o
Chest, plural cavity.
trache/o
Windpipe
alveoli
The very small grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole
anoxia
The absence of oxygen from the body’s tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood
antitussive
Medication administered to prevent or relieve coughing
aphonia
Loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
asbestosis
The form of pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos particles in the lungs
asphyxia
loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function
asthma
A chronic, inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction and characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing
atelectasis
incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax
bradypnea
An abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute
bronchodilator
medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs
bronchorrhea
An excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the bronchi through using a bronchoscope
bronchospasm
contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut
Cheyne–Stokes respiration
irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea
croup
acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords, resulting in a barking cough and stridor.
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood
cystic fibrosis
A life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus
diphtheria
acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract
dysphonia
Difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy’s voice during puberty
dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing; also known as shortness of breath
emphysema
progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking
empyema
An accumulation of pus in a body cavity
endotracheal intubation
passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway
epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, an injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure; also known as a nosebleed
hemoptysis
expectoration of blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
hemothorax
collection of blood in the pleural cavity
hypercapnia
The abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
hyperpnea
An increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements
hypopnea
Shallow or slow respiration
hypoxemia
The condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood
hypoxia
The condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body’s tissues and organs; less severe than anoxia
laryngectomy
surgical removal of the larynx
laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx; also commonly used to describe voice loss that is caused by this inflammation
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope
laryngospasm
sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
mediastinum
middle section of the chest cavity located between the lungs. This cavity contains the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland, and lymph nodes
nebulizer
electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece
otolaryngologist
physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck
pertussis
contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
phlegm
Thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity; causes pleurodynia
pleurodynia
sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation
pneumoconiosis
Any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
pneumonectomy
The surgical removal of all or part of a lung.
pneumonia
serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other liquid
pneumothorax
The accumulation of air in the pleural space, causing a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse
polysomnography
The diagnostic measurement of physiological activity during sleep; also known as a sleep study
pulmonologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system
pulse oximeter
external monitor placed on the patient’s fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood
pyothorax
collection of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane.
sinusitis
Inflammation of the sinuses.
sleep apnea
A potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
spirometer
A recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath
tachypnea
An abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute
thoracentesis
surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity
thoracotomy
surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment
tracheostomy
surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea in order to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing
tracheotomy
emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage
tuberculosis
infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually attacks the lungs; also known as TB, it can also affect other parts of the body
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
a group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out. COPD, which is most often caused by long-term smoking, is generally permanent and progressive
Chronic bronchitis
a disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke. An increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells results in excessive mucus production and thickening of the walls of the air passages.
Emphysema
the progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking. Emphysema is characterized by a decrease in the total number of alveoli, enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and the progressive destruction of the walls of these remaining alveoli
Asthma
a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction
asthma attack
characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing
Wheezing
a breathing sound caused by a partially obstructed airway. The frequency and severity of asthma attacks are influenced by a variety of factors, including allergens, environmental agents, exercise, and infection
Airway inflammation
is the swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus. This usually occurs after the airway has been exposed to inhaled allergens
bronchospasm
a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut
Exercise-induced asthma
the narrowing of the airways that develops after 5 to 15 minutes of physical exertion
Upper respiratory infections/acute nasopharyngitis
common cold, human rhinovirus
Allergic rhinitis
allergy, an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus
Croup
an acute respiratory infection in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough and stridor
Diphtheria
an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract. The diphtheria bacteria produce toxins that can damage the heart muscle and peripheral nerves. Through immunization, the disease is now largely prevented
Epistaxis
also known as a nosebleed, is bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure
Influenza
is an acute, highly contagious viral infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscle pain. Influenza is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months
Pertussis
also known as whooping cough, is a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration
Rhinorrhea
also known as a runny nose, is the watery flow of mucus from the nose
Pharyngitis
also known as a sore throat, is an inflammation of the pharynx
laryngospasm
the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
Aphonia
the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
Dysphonia
difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy’s voice during puberty
Laryngitis
an inflammation of the larynx
Tracheorrhagia
bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea
Bronchiectasis
is the permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation
Bronchorrhea
an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi ( bronch/o means bronchus, and -rrhea means abnormal flow). This is often caused by chronic bronchitis or asthma
Pleurisy
also known as pleuritis, is an inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity
Pleurodynia
a sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation
Pleural effusion
excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. This produces a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding
Pyothorax
aka empyema of the pleural cavity, presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane
Hemothorax
collection of blood in the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
the accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
a lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis.
Atelectasis
collapsed lung, the incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax
Pulmonary edema
an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli
Pulmonary embolism
he sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region
Pneumorrhagia
is bleeding from the lungs
Tuberculosis
which is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs; however, it can also affect other parts of the body. Pleurisy and coughing up blood (hemoptysis) can be symptoms of TB in the lungs
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
dangerous form of the disease that can occur when the prescribed drug regimen is not strictly followed
Pneumonia
serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids
Bronchopneumonia
a localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles
Lobar pneumonia
affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung.affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung.
Aspiration pneumonia
can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs. As used here, aspiration means inhaling or drawing a foreign substance into the upper respiratory tract
Bacterial pneumonia
most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal pneumonia is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination
Community-acquired pneumonia
any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic. CAP may be bacterial pneumonia or be caused by a virus or fungi. This is the most common form of pneumonia, and it can affect people of all ages
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
nosocomial pneumonia, is a type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital when a patient’s defenses are impaire
Walking pneumonia
known as mycoplasma pneumonia, is a milder but longer-lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pneumocystis pneumonia
is an opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis carinii.
Viral pneumonia
which can be caused by several different types of viruses, accounts for approximately a third of all pneumonias
Interstitial lung disease
group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures. Interstitial means relating to spaces within or around a tissue or an organ
Pulmonary fibrosis
the progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing
Pneumoconiosis
any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
Silicosis
caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, and sandblasting
Cystic fibrosis
a life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus.
Lung cancer
which is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, is a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung
Eupnea
easy or normal breathing
Apnea
temporary absence of spontaneous respiration
Bradypnea
an abnormally slow rate of respiration
Cheyne–Stokes respiration
an irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea
Tachypnea
an abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute
Hyperventilation
an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety
Expectoration
the act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid
Hemoptysis
expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
Airway obstruction
commonly known as choking, occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs
Anoxia
the absence of oxygen from the body’s tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood
Altitude hypoxia
altitude sickness, is a condition that can be brought on by the decreased oxygen in the air at higher altitudes
Asphyxia
the loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function
Asphyxiation
state of asphyxia or suffocation
Hypercapnia
the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypoxemia
the condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood, usually due to respiratory disorders or heart conditions
Respiratory failure
a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low
Smoke inhalation
damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases
Sudden infant death syndrome
the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 months and 6 months
ARDS
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
COPD
Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease
CF
Cystic Fibrosis
Ett
Endotracheal intubation
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
FESS
HBOT
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
MDI
Metered-dose inhaler
PFT
pulmonary function
RF
respiratory failure
SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome
TB
Tuberculosis
URI
Upper Respiratory infection
