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Medical Terminology 101 > Ch.13 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch.13 Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

adren/o

A

Adrenal Glands

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2
Q

gonad/o

A

gonads

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3
Q

testic/o

A

Testicles

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4
Q

pancreat/o

A

Pancreatic Islets

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5
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

parathyroid/o

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6
Q

Pineal Gland

A

pineal/o

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7
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

pituit/o, pituitar/o

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8
Q

Thymus

A

thym/o

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9
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

thyr/o, thyroid/o

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10
Q

acr/o

A

Extremities (hands and feet), top, extreme point

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11
Q

adren/o

A

Adrenal glands

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12
Q

crin/o

A

Secrete

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13
Q

-dipsia

A

Thirst

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14
Q

glyc/o

A

Glucose, sugar

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15
Q

gonad/o

A

Gonad, sex glands

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16
Q

-ism

A

Condition, state of

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17
Q

pancreat/o

A

Pancreas

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18
Q

parathyroid/o

A

Parathyroid glands

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19
Q

pineal/o

A

Pineal gland

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20
Q

pituitar/o

A

Pituitary gland

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21
Q

poly-

A

Many

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22
Q

somat/o

A

Body

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23
Q

thym/o

A

Thymus gland

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24
Q

thyr/o

A

Thyroid gland

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25
Q

acromegaly

A

rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hands and feet) caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

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26
Q

Addison’s disease

A

condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone

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27
Q

adrenalitis

A

Inflammation of the adrenal glands

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28
Q

aldosteronism

A

abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone

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29
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

hormone that helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys

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30
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues

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31
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone

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32
Q

cortisol

A

hormone that has an anti-inflammatory action; it also regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body

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33
Q

cretinism

A

congenital form of hypothyroidism that, if not treated soon after birth, causes arrested physical and mental development

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34
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

condition caused by the overproduction of cortisol by the body or by taking corticosteroids to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis; also known as hypercortisolism

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35
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH

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36
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

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37
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

Injury to the eye that occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina of the eye

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38
Q

electrolytes

A

Mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, normally found in the blood

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39
Q

epinephrine

A

hormone that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear; also known as adrenaline

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40
Q

estrogen

A

hormone with an important role in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of the menstrual cycle

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41
Q

exophthalmos

A

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

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42
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

hormone that stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female. In the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles

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43
Q

fructosamine test

A

blood test that measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks

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44
Q

gestational diabetes mellitus

A

form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies

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45
Q

gigantism

A

Abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty

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46
Q

glucagon

A

hormone that increases the amount of glucose in the bloodstream by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose

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47
Q

glucose

A

basic form of energy used by the body; also known as blood sugar

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48
Q

Graves’ disease

A

disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone, resulting in hyperthyroidism

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49
Q

growth hormone

A

hormone that regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues

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50
Q

gynecomastia

A

condition of excessive mammary development in the male

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51
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

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52
Q

hypercalcemia

A

Abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth

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53
Q

hyperinsulinism

A

condition marked by excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream

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54
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

excessive secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism

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55
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

overproduction of thyroid hormones, which causes an imbalance of metabolism

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56
Q

hypoglycemia

A

abnormally low concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood

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57
Q

hypothyroidism

A

deficiency of thyroid secretion; also known as underactive thyroid

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58
Q

insulin

A

hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. Its function is to allow glucose to enter cells for energy or to stimulate the liver to convert glucose to glycogen for storage

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59
Q

insulinoma

A

benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia

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60
Q

ketosis

A

normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking

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61
Q

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

A

minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands

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62
Q

leptin

A

protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite

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63
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

hormone that stimulates ovulation in the female and production of the female sex hormone progesterone. In the male, it stimulates the secretion of testosterone

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64
Q

myxedema

A

severe form of adult hypothyroidism

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65
Q

norepinephrine

A

combination of a hormone and a neurohormone that plays an important role in the “fight-or-flight response

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66
Q

oxytocin

A

Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

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67
Q

pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

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68
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands

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69
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

One of two types of slow-growing, benign tumors of the pituitary gland that may or may not cause excess hormone secretion

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70
Q

polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst.

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71
Q

polyphagia

A

Excessive hunger

72
Q

polyuria

A

Excessive urination

73
Q

prediabetes

A

condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes

74
Q

progesterone

A

hormone, whose function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, is released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary

75
Q

prolactinoma

A

benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes the gland to produce too much prolactin

76
Q

puberty

A

process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing

77
Q

radioactive iodine treatment

A

oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells

78
Q

steroids

A

large family of hormonelike substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure

79
Q

testosterone

A

steroid hormone secreted by the testes and the adrenal cortex that stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics

80
Q

thymectomy

A

surgical removal of the thymus gland

81
Q

thymitis

A

Inflammation of the thymus gland

82
Q

thymosin

A

Hormone secreted by the thymus gland that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells of the immune system

83
Q

thyroxine

A

One of the primary hormones secreted by the thyroid gland that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of other body systems

84
Q

aldosterone

A

ALD

85
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

ADH

86
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

Dl

87
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

DM

88
Q

epinephrine

A

EPI, Epi

89
Q

fasting blood sugar

A

FBS

90
Q

fructosamine test

A

FA

91
Q

Graves’ disease

A

GD

92
Q

hypoglycemia

A

HG

93
Q

latent autoimmune diabetes

A

LADA

94
Q

leptin

A

LEP, LPT

95
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

TSH

96
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism

97
Q

Short stature

A

formerly known as dwarfism, is sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone

98
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

is also known as a pituitary tumor. There are two types of these slow-growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland

99
Q

Galactorrhea

A

condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth

100
Q

prolactinoma

A

a benign tumor of the pituitary gland (pro- means on behalf of, lactin means milk, and -oma means tumor). This type of tumor, which causes the pituitary gland to produce too much of the lactogenic hormone known as prolactin, can cause infertility in women and erectile dysfunction in men and can impair vision

101
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

which is not related to diabetes mellitus, is an uncommon disorder caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone

102
Q

Insipidus

A

comes from a Latin word meaning without taste, referring to the relatively low sodium (salt) content of the urine in patients with diabetes insipidus

103
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

A

caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH. This is often as a result of cancer or its treatment. High amounts of ADH keep the kidneys from excreting water, resulting in bloating and water retention that can dilute the blood, causing electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyponatremia

104
Q

pinealoma

A

a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin. This tumor can also cause insomnia by disrupting the circadian cycle

105
Q

Thyroid carcinoma

A

most common cancer of the endocrine system, and is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the United States. Thyroid carcinoma, which has a high survival rate, affects significantly more women than men and is commonly diagnosed between ages 20 and 55

106
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland. This inflammation often leads to hypothyroidism

107
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

also known as an underactive thyroid, is caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion. Symptoms include fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, and a decreased metabolic rate.

108
Q

Cretinism

A

a congenital form of hypothyroidism. If treatment is not started soon after birth, cretinism causes arrested physical and mental development

109
Q

Myxedema

A

which is also known as adult hypothyroidism, is caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion. Symptoms include swelling, particularly around the eyes and cheeks; fatigue; and a subnormal temperature

110
Q

Thyroid nodules

A

lumps in the thyroid that can grow large enough to cause a goiter (see Graves’ disease later in the chapter). Most nodules are benign; however, some are malignant or produce too much thyroxine

111
Q

thyroid storm

A

also known as a thyrotoxic crisis, is a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism. Patients experiencing a thyroid storm may complain of fever, chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, tremors, increased sweating, disorientation, and fatigue

112
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

also known as thyrotoxicosis, is the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyper- means excessive, thyroid means thyroid, and -ism means condition), which causes an imbalance of metabolism. This causes symptoms including an increased metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness, and weight loss. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease

113
Q

Graves’ disease

A

a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone (Figure 13.7). This results in hyperthyroidism and can also cause goiter, exophthalmos, or both. Note: A simple way to remember the difference between Hashimoto’s disease (hypothyroidism) and Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) is that the Hashimoto’s has an o in it like in hypo-, and Graves’ has an e in it like in hyper

114
Q

Goiter

A

also known as thyromegaly, is an abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland. This enlargement produces a swelling in the front of the neck. A goiter usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not able to produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the body’s needs, either due to Graves’ disease, other medical conditions, or an iodine deficiency

115
Q

Exophthalmos

A

an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

116
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

which is the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia (hyper- means excessive, parathyroid means parathyroid, and -ism means condition). Hyperparathyroidism can result from a disorder of the parathyroid gland or from a disorder elsewhere in the body, such as kidney failure. Hyperparathyroidism is the opposite of hypoparathyroidism

117
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

is caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone (hypo- means deficient, parathyroid means parathyroid, and -ism means condition). This condition causes hypocalcemia, and in severe cases, it leads to tetany. Tetany is the condition of periodic, painful muscle spasms and tremors. Hypoparathyroidism is the opposite of hyperparathyroidism

118
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth (hyper- means excessive, calc means calcium, and -emia means blood condition). This can lead to weakened bones and the formation of kidney stones. Hypercalcemia is the opposite of hypocalcemia

119
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. Hypocalcemia is the opposite of hypercalcemia

120
Q

Thymitis

A

an inflammation of the thymus gland

121
Q

insulinoma

A

a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin

122
Q

Pancreatitis

A

an inflammation of the pancreas (pancreat means pancreas, and -itis means inflammation). A leading cause of pancreatitis is long-term alcohol abuse

123
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood (hyper- means excessive, glyc means sugar, and -emia means blood condition). Hyperglycemia is seen primarily in patients with diabetes mellitus

124
Q

Polydipsia

A

is excessive thirst

125
Q

Polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

126
Q

Polyuria

A

is excessive urination

127
Q

Hyperinsulinism

A

he condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream (hyper- means excessive, insulin means insulin, and -ism means condition). Hyperinsulinism can cause hypoglycemia

128
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

an abnormally low concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood (hypo- means deficient, glyc means sugar, and -emia means blood condition). Symptoms include nervousness and shakiness, confusion, perspiration, or feeling anxious or weak. Hypoglycemia is the opposite of hyperglycemia

129
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

the most common endocrine system disease, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin (type 1) or its ability to use it properly (type 2). Diabetes mellitus is not related to diabetes insipidus

130
Q

juvenile diabetes

A

when a child developed diabetes

131
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

a common combination of medical conditions, including increased blood pressure, elevated levels of insulin in the blood, excess body fat around the waist, or abnormal cholesterol levels

132
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells

133
Q

Insulin deficiency

A

that the pancreatic beta cells do not secrete enough insulin

134
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance disorder. Insulin resistance means that insulin is being produced, but the body does not use it effectively. In an attempt to compensate for this lack of response, the body secretes more insulin. With the rise of childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes is increasingly common in children and young adults. Obese adults are also at high risk for this condition

135
Q

Prediabetes

A

a condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. However, this condition indicates an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke

136
Q

Oral hypoglycemics

A

which lower blood glucose by causing the pancreas to release more insulin or by increasing the body’s sensitivity to insulin

137
Q

Glucophage

A

similar medications work within the cells to combat insulin resistance and to help insulin let blood glucose into the cells

138
Q

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults

A

a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults. It shares many of the characteristics of type 2 diabetes

139
Q

Latent

A

means present but not visible

140
Q

Gestational diabetes mellitus

A

a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies. This condition usually disappears after delivery; however, many of these women have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life

141
Q

diabetic coma

A

caused by very high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Also known as diabetic ketoacidosis, this condition is treated by the prompt administration of insulin

142
Q

Insulin shock

A

caused by very low blood glucose (hypoglycemia). Oral glucose, which is a sugary substance that can quickly be absorbed into the bloodstream, is consumed to rapidly raise the blood sugar level

143
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina. This causes blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball and produces the damage that causes the loss of vision

144
Q

Heart disease

A

occurs because excess blood glucose makes the walls of the blood vessels sticky and rigid. This encourages hypertension and atherosclerosis (see?Chapter 5) and increases the risk of stroke

145
Q

Ketosis

A

a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking. An excessively high level of ketosis may indicate that the body is not producing enough insulin to convert glucose into energy

146
Q

Kidney disease

A

can lead to renal failure because damage to the blood vessels reduces blood flow through the kidneys

147
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

damage to the nerves affecting the hands and feet which makes it harder to feel a cut or other injury

148
Q

Addison’s disease

A

sometimes referred to as Addison disease, occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone. This potentially life-threatening condition is characterized by chronic, worsening fatigue and muscle weakness; loss of appetite; low blood pressure; and weight loss. Many patients also develop patches of dark skin

149
Q

Adrenalitis

A

inflammation of the adrenal glands

150
Q

Aldosteronism

A

an abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone

151
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

a disorder of the adrenal glands that is caused by the excessive production of aldosterone. This disease, which is a form of primary aldosteronism, can cause weakness, cramps, and convulsions

152
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are the hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure

153
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

also known as hypercortisolism, is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Cortisol has an anti-inflammatory action and helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body. Signs of Cushing’s syndrome include a rounded, red “moon” face

154
Q

Hypergonadism

A

the condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands

155
Q

Hypogonadism

A

he condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands

156
Q

Gynecomastia

A

the condition of excessive mammary development in the male (gynec/o means female, mast means breast, and -ia means abnormal condition). This is caused by a decrease in testosterone

157
Q

radioactive iodine uptake test

A

uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function. The amount of radioactivity in the thyroid is measured 6 to 24 hours later using a handheld instrument called a gamma probe

158
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay

A

a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone. This test is used to detect abnormal thyroid activity resulting from excessive pituitary stimulation

159
Q

thyroid scan

A

which measures thyroid function, is a form of nuclear medicine

160
Q

fasting blood sugar test FBS

A

also known as a fasting plasma glucose test, measures the blood glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours. This test is used to screen for diabetes as well as to monitor treatment of this condition

161
Q

oral glucose tolerance test OGTT

A

most commonly performed to diagnose gestational diabetes. After fasting at least 8 hours, the patient drinks a liquid containing a high concentration of sugar, and the blood glucose level is tested after 1 hour and again after 2 hours

162
Q

Home blood glucose monitoring

A

measures the current blood glucose level using a drop of blood, and is often performed by the patient multiple times per day

163
Q

random blood glucose test

A

uses a blood drop sample to measure the current blood glucose level without fasting and can be used to diagnose diabetes

164
Q

Hemoglobin A1c testing

A

also known as HbA1c, pronounced as “H-B A-one-C,” is a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3 to 4 months. (Note: The name of this test is sometimes shortened

165
Q

The fructosamine test

A

measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks. The fructosamine test is able to detect changes more rapidly than the HbAlc test

166
Q

human growth hormone (HGH)

A

a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development

167
Q

hypophysectomy

A

is the removal of abnormal glandular tissue (hypophys refers to the pituitary gland, and -ectomy means removal). This surgery is performed through the nasal passages

168
Q

pinealectomy

A

the surgical removal of the pineal gland (pineal means pineal gland

169
Q

antithyroid drug

A

a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

170
Q

Radioactive iodine treatment

A

s the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells. This nuclear medicine procedure, which disables at least part of the thyroid gland, is used to treat thyroid cancer and chronic hyperthyroid disorders such as Graves’ disease

171
Q

lobectomy

A

the surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland. This term is also used to describe the removal of a lobe of the liver, brain, or lung

172
Q

Synthetic thyroid hormones

A

oral medications administered to replace lost thyroid function

173
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

which is the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, is performed to control hyperparathyroidism

174
Q

thymectomy

A

the surgical removal of the thymus gland

175
Q

pancreatectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas (pancreat means pancreas, and -ectomy means surgical removal). A total pancreatectomy is performed to treat pancreatic cancer. This procedure also involves removing the spleen, gallbladder, common bile duct, and portions of the small intestine and stomach

176
Q

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

A

a minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands

177
Q

Cortisone

A

the synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands. Cortisone, and the synthetic corticosteroid prednisone, are administered to suppress inflammation and as an immunosuppressant

Medical Terminology 101 (20 decks)

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