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Medical Terminology 101 > Ch.14 reproductive system > Flashcards

Ch.14 reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

cervic/o

A

Cervix (neck of uterus).

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2
Q

colp/o

A

Vagina

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3
Q

-gravida

A

pregnant

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4
Q

gynec/o

A

Female or woman.

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5
Q

hyster/o

A

Uterus.

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6
Q

mast/o

A

Breast.

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7
Q

men/o

A

Menstruation, menses.

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8
Q

orchid/o

A

Testicles.

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9
Q

ov/o

A

Egg, ovum.

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10
Q

ovari/o

A

Ovary.

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11
Q

-para

A

To give birth.

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12
Q

-pexy

A

Surgical fixation.

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13
Q

salping/o

A

Uterine (fallopian) tube

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14
Q

vagin/o

A

Vagina.

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15
Q

abruptio placentae

A

A disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus

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16
Q

amenorrhea

A

The abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more.

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17
Q

amniocentesis

A

A surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid

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18
Q

andropause

A

decrease of the male hormone testosterone

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19
Q

Apgar score

A

scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant’s physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

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20
Q

azoospermia

A

absence of sperm in the semen

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21
Q

cervical dysplasia

A

presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix.

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22
Q

cervicitis

A

Inflammation of the cervix.

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23
Q

chlamydia

A

sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis

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24
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A

diagnostic test to search for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus

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25
Q

colostrum

A

specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest

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26
Q

colpopexy

A

surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure.

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27
Q

colporrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina.

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28
Q

colposcopy

A

Direct visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina.

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29
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

Pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period.

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30
Q

eclampsia

A

more serious form of preeclampsia that is characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma

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31
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus; also known as an extrauterine pregnancy

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32
Q

endocervicitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix

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33
Q

endometriosis

A

condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity

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34
Q

epididymitis

A

Inflammation of the epididymis.

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35
Q

episiotomy

A

surgical incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery and prevent laceration of the tissues

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36
Q

fibroadenoma

A

round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast

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37
Q

fibrocystic breast disease

A

presence of single or multiple benign cysts located in the breasts

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38
Q

galactorrhea

A

production of breast milk in women who are not breastfeeding

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39
Q

gonorrhea

A

highly contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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40
Q

hematospermia

A

presence of blood in the seminal fluid

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41
Q

hydrocele

A

fluid-filled sac in the scrotum that is located along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles

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42
Q

hypomenorrhea

A

unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period.

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43
Q

hysterectomy

A

The surgical removal of the uterus

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44
Q

hysterosalpingography

A

radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes following the instillation of radiopaque material

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45
Q

hysteroscopy

A

direct visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes

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46
Q

leukorrhea

A

A profuse whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina

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47
Q

mastalgia

A

Pain in the breast; also known as mastodynia

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48
Q

mastopexy

A

surgical procedure to affix sagging breasts into a more elevated position

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49
Q

menarche

A

beginning of the menstrual function at puberty

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50
Q

menometrorrhagia

A

Excessive uterine bleeding occurring both at the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals.

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51
Q

neonate

A

newborn infant during the first 4 weeks after birth.

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52
Q

nulligravida

A

woman who has never been pregnant

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53
Q

nullipara

A

A woman who has never borne a viable child

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54
Q

obstetrician

A

physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter

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55
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

Infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods

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56
Q

oophorectomy

A

the surgical removal of one or both ovaries

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57
Q

orchidectomy

A

surgical removal of one or both testicles; also known as an orchiectomy

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58
Q

orchiopexy

A

Endoscopic surgery to move an undescended testicle into its normal position in the scrotum

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59
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Any inflammation of the female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy

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60
Q

perimenopause

A

transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all

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61
Q

Peyronie’s disease

A

form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection

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62
Q

placenta previa

A

abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus

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63
Q

polycystic ovary syndrome

A

condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles

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64
Q

preeclampsia

A

complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria

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65
Q

priapism

A

painful erection that lasts 4 or more hours and is not accompanied by sexual excitement

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66
Q

primigravida

A

woman during her first pregnancy

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67
Q

primipara

A

woman who has borne one viable child.

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68
Q

pruritus vulvae

A

Severe itching of the external female genitalia

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69
Q

salpingo-oophorectomy

A

surgical removal of a fallopian tube and an ovary

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70
Q

syphilis

A

sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum

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71
Q

trichomoniasis

A

sexually transmitted disease caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis

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72
Q

uterine prolapse

A

condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina

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73
Q

varicocele

A

knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum.

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74
Q

vasovasostomy

A

procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male; also known as a vasectomy reversal

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75
Q

External genitalia

A

reproductive organs located outside of the body cavity

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76
Q

Internal genitalia

A

reproductive organs protected within the body

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77
Q

perineum

A

is the external surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx

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78
Q

male perineum

A

extends from the scrotum to the area around the anus.

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79
Q

female perineum

A

extends from the pubic symphysis to the area around the anus

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80
Q

amniocentesis

A

AMN

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81
Q

bacterial vaginosis

A

BV

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82
Q

cesarean section

A

CS

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83
Q

hormone replacement therapy

A

HRT

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84
Q

human papillomaviruses

A

HPV

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85
Q

hysterosalpingography

A

HSG

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86
Q

hysteroscopy

A

HYS

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87
Q

intrauterine device

A

IUD

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88
Q

labor and delivery

A

L & D

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89
Q

neonatal intensive care unit

A

NICU

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90
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

PID

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91
Q

premenstrual syndrome

A

PMS

92
Q

Balanitis

A

an inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision

93
Q

Phimosis

A

is a narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted (pulled back) to expose the glans penis. This condition can be present at birth or become apparent during childhood

94
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

also known as impotence, is the inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection. A penis that is not erect is referred to as being flaccid, or limp.

95
Q

Peyronie’s disease

A

also known as penile curvature, is a form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection

96
Q

Priapism

A

is a painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is either not accompanied by sexual excitement or does not go away after sexual stimulation has ended. The condition can be caused by medications or by blood-related diseases such as sickle cell anemia or leukemia

97
Q

Premature ejaculation

A

a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before or shortly after penetration of the female

98
Q

Andropause

A

which is referred to as ADAM ( Androgen Decline in the Aging Male), is marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone ( andr/o means male or masculine, and -pause means stopping). It usually begins when a man is in his late 40s and progresses very gradually over several decades. Androgen is a male sex hormone

99
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

also known as an undescended testicle, is a developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum

100
Q

Anorchism

A

the congenital absence of one or both testicles

101
Q

Epididymitis

A

is inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder

102
Q

hydrocele

A

is a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles ( hydr/o means relating to water, and -cele means a hernia or swelling). Note: The term hydrocele is also used to describe the accumulation of fluid in any body cavity

103
Q

spermatocele

A

is a cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm

104
Q

Testicular cancer

A

cancer that begins in the testicles. It is the most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and 34 years. This cancer is highly treatable when diagnosed early

105
Q

Testicular torsion

A

a sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle. Torsion means twisting

106
Q

Testitis

A

also known as orchitis, is inflammation of one or both testicles

107
Q

varicocele

A

a knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum. Varicose veins are abnormally swollen veins

108
Q

Azoospermia

A

is the absence of sperm in the semen

109
Q

Oligospermia

A

a sperm count of below 20 million/mL

110
Q

Hematospermia

A

the presence of blood in the seminal fluid

111
Q

Sperm count

A

the testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, and motility of the sperm

112
Q

Testicular self-examination

A

a self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum

113
Q

Circumcision

A

the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis. This optional procedure is usually performed within a few days of birth.

114
Q

orchidectomy

A

also spelled as orchiectomy, is the surgical removal of one or both testicles

115
Q

Orchiopexy

A

the repair of an undescended testicle ( orchi/o means testicle, and -pexy means surgical fixation). This is an endoscopic surgery performed on infants before the age of 1 year to move the testicle into its normal position in the scrotum

116
Q

varicocelectomy

A

the removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele

117
Q

Sterilization

A

any procedure rendering an individual, incapable of reproduction

118
Q

Castration

A

also known as bilateral orchidectomy, is the surgical removal or destruction of both testicles

119
Q

vasectomy

A

the male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed ( vas means vas deferens, and -ectomy means surgical removal). This prevents sperm from entering the ejaculate but does not change the volume of semen created by the body

120
Q

vasovasostomy

A

also known as a vasectomy reversal, is a procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male

121
Q

Chlamydia

A

which is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most commonly reported STD in the United States. It is highly contagious and requires early treatment with antibiotics

122
Q

Bacterial vaginosis

A

a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina ( vagin means vagina, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). This condition can cause complications during pregnancy and an increased risk of HIV infection if exposed to the virus. Symptoms sometimes include a discharge, odor, pain, itching, or burning

123
Q

Genital herpes

A

caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2. Symptoms include itching or burning before the appearance of lesions (sores) on the genitals or rectum. This condition is highly contagious, even when visible lesions are not present. Antiviral drugs ease symptoms and can suppress future outbreaks; however, currently there is no cure

124
Q

Genital warts

A

, which are caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), are highly contagious. In the male, this virus infects the urethra. In the female, it infects the external genitalia, cervix, and vagina. It also increases the risk of cervical cancer. An HPV vaccine is available to prevent the spread of this disease. It is recommended that it be administered to all boys and girls at ages 11 or 12. Young women can be vaccinated through age 26, and young men through age 21

125
Q

Gonorrhea

A

a highly contagious condition caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In women, this condition affects the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes. In men, it affects the urethra by causing painful urination and an abnormal discharge. It can also affect the mouth, throat, and anus of both men and women

126
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

A

transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partner

127
Q

Syphilis

A

which is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, has many symptoms that are difficult to distinguish from other STDs. Syphilis is highly contagious and is passed from person to person through direct contact with a chancre, which is a sore caused by syphilis. This condition can be detected through the VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) blood test before the lesions appear. The RPR test (Rapid Plasma Reagin) is another blood test for syphilis

128
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

also known as trich, is an infection caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. One of the most common symptoms in infected women is a thin, frothy, yellow-green, foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Infected men often do not have symptoms; however, when symptoms are present, they include painful urination or a clear discharge from the penis

129
Q

Anovulation

A

he absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected

130
Q

Oophoritis

A

inflammation of an ovary

131
Q

Ovarian cancer

A

originates within the cells of the ovaries. These cancer cells can break away from the ovary and spread (metastasize) to other tissues and organs within the abdomen or travel through the bloodstream to other parts of the body

132
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

ny inflammation of the female reproductive organs that is not associated with surgery or pregnancy. This condition occurs most frequently as a complication of a sexually transmitted disease and can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and other serious disorders

133
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome

A

a condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles

134
Q

Pyosalpinx

A

an accumulation of pus in a fallopian tube

135
Q

Salpingitis

A

an inflammation of a fallopian tube

136
Q

Endometriosis

A

a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity

137
Q

Endometrial cancer

A

involves a cancerous growth that begins in the lining of the uterus. One of the earliest symptoms of this cancer that frequently occurs after menopause is abnormal bleeding from the uterus

138
Q

uterine fibroid

A

also known as a myoma, is a benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus

139
Q

uterine prolapse

A

also known as a pelvic floor hernia, is a condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina

140
Q

Cervical cancer

A

a slow-growing squamous cell cancer (see Chapter 12). It is caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), which can now usually be prevented through vaccination. Cervical cancer can be detected early through routine Pap smears

141
Q

Cervical dysplasia

A

the presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix. Without early detection and treatment, these cells can become malignant

142
Q

Cervicitis

A

an inflammation of the cervix that is usually caused by an infection

143
Q

Endocervicitis

A

is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix

144
Q

Colporrhexis

A

means tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall ( colp/o means vagina, and -rrhexis means to rupture). A laceration is a torn, ragged wound or an accidental cut

145
Q

Dyspareunia

A

is pain during sexual intercourse

146
Q

Leukorrhea

A

a profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina ( leuk/o means white, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). Women normally may have some vaginal discharge; however, leukorrhea describes a change and increase in this discharge that can be due to an infection, malignancy, or hormonal changes

147
Q

Vaginal atrophy

A

a decrease in elasticity and lubrication caused by hormonal changes. It affects about half of all postmenopausal women and can be treated with moisturizers or estrogen therapy

148
Q

Vaginal candidiasis

A

also known as a yeast infection, is a vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans (see Chapter 6). The growth of this fungus is usually controlled by bacteria normally present in the vagina. Symptoms of vaginal candidiasis include burning, itching, and a “cottage cheese-like” vaginal discharge

149
Q

Vaginismus

A

an involuntary spasm of the pelvic floor muscles, which close off the vagina ( vagin means vagina, and -ismus means spasm or contraction). This spasm can cause dyspareunia and difficulty tolerating speculum insertion for a Pap smear

150
Q

Vaginitis

A

an inflammation of the lining of the vagina ( vagin means vagina, and -itis means inflammation). The most common causes of a vaginal inflammation are bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and vaginal candidiasis

151
Q

Pruritus vulvae

A

a condition of severe itching of the external female genitalia. Pruritus means itching

152
Q

Vulvodynia

A

a painful syndrome of unknown cause ( vulv/o means vulva, and -dynia means pain). It is characterized by chronic burning, dyspareunia, itching, or stinging irritation of the vulva

153
Q

Vulvitis

A

an inflammation of the vulva ( vulv means vulva, and -itis means inflammation). Possible causes include fungal or bacterial infections, chafing, skin conditions, or allergies to products such as soaps and bubble bath

154
Q

fibroadenoma

A

a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast (Figure 14.13). These masses, which can grow to the size of a small plum, are benign and usually painless. Fibroadenomas often enlarge during pregnancy and shrink during menopause

155
Q

Fibrocystic breast disease

A

the presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts. This condition occurs more frequently in older women. A cyst is a closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material

156
Q

Galactorrhea

A

the production of breast milk in a woman who is not breastfeeding ( galact/o means milk, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). This condition is caused by a malfunction of the thyroid or pituitary gland

157
Q

Mastalgia

A

also known as mastodynia, is pain in the breast

158
Q

Amenorrhea

A

an abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more ( a- means without, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). This condition, which is normal only before puberty, during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, and after menopause, can be caused by stress, hormonal problems, inadequate nutrition, or excessive exercise

159
Q

Amenorrhea

A

an abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more ( a- means without, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). This condition, which is normal only before puberty, during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, and after menopause, can be caused by stress, hormonal problems, inadequate nutrition, or excessive exercise

160
Q

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

A

a condition characterized by abnormal bleeding, often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes

161
Q

Hypermenorrhea

A

is an excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days ( hyper- means excessive, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). Hypermenorrhea is the opposite of hypomenorrhea

162
Q

Hypomenorrhea

A

an unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period ( hypo- means deficient, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). Hypomenorrhea is the opposite of hypermenorrhea

163
Q

Menometrorrhagia

A

also known as intermenstrual bleeding, is excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals

164
Q

Menometrorrhagia

A

also known as intermenstrual bleeding, is excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals

165
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

the term used to describe infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods ( olig/o means scanty, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). Oligomenorrhea is the opposite of polymenorrhea

166
Q

Polymenorrhea

A

the occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal ( poly- means many, men/o means menstruation, and -rrhea means flow or discharge). Polymenorrhea is the opposite of oligomenorrhea

167
Q

Premature menopause

A

a condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 years due to disease, a hormonal disorder, or surgical removal. This causes infertility and often brings on menopausal symptoms

168
Q

Premenstrual syndrome PMS

A

a group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation. These symptoms can include bloating, swelling, headaches, mood swings, and breast discomfort

169
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorde PMDD

A

a condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle. Symptoms occur regularly in the second half of the cycle and end when menstruation begins or shortly thereafter

170
Q

abortion

A

the interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable

171
Q

induced abortion

A

caused by human intervention, is achieved through the use of drugs or suctioning. When done for medical purposes, it is known as a therapeutic abortion

172
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

also known as an extrauterine pregnancy, is a potentially dangerous condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus. Ectopic means out of place

173
Q

Gestational diabetes mellitus

A

form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy

174
Q

Infertility

A

inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth

175
Q

Preeclampsia

A

also known as pregnancy-induced hypertension, is a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (swelling), and proteinuria (an abnormally high level of protein in the urine)

176
Q

Preeclampsia

A

also known as pregnancy-induced hypertension, is a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (swelling), and proteinuria (an abnormally high level of protein in the urine)

177
Q

Eclampsia

A

which is a more serious form of preeclampsia, is characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma. Treatment for this condition includes the delivery of the fetus

178
Q

Rh factor

A

defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells (see Chapter 5). The Rh factor can cause difficulties when an Rh negative (Rh–) mother is pregnant with an Rh positive (Rh+) baby. If a small amount of the baby’s blood enters the mother’s bloodstream, she can develop antibodies in an allergic response

179
Q

Abruptio placentae

A

a disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus. Abruption means breaking off. This condition is a leading cause of fetal death

180
Q

Breech presentation

A

occurs when the buttocks or feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head

181
Q

Placenta previa

A

the abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus. Previa means appearing before or in front of. Symptoms include painless, sudden-onset bleeding during the third trimester

182
Q

Placenta previa

A

the abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus. Previa means appearing before or in front of. Symptoms include painless, sudden-onset bleeding during the third trimester

183
Q

stillbirth

A

the birth of a fetus that died before or during delivery

184
Q

Postpartum depression

A

a mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and the loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth. One cause of this depression is the rapid change in the hormone levels that occurs after giving birth. When the depression is severe, treatment is required

185
Q

Colposcopy

A

the direct visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina ( colp/o means vagina, and -scopy means direct visual examination). This examination is performed using a binocular magnifier known as a colposcope

186
Q

endometrial biopsy

A

a small amount of the tissue from the lining of the uterus is removed for microscopic examination. This test is most often used to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding

187
Q

Endovaginal ultrasound

A

is performed to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding. This test is performed by placing an ultrasound transducer in the vagina so that the sound waves can create images of the uterus and ovaries

188
Q

Hysterosalpingography

A

a radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes ( hyster/o means uterus, salping/o means fallopian tube, and -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record). This test requires the instillation of radiopaque contrast material into the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes to make them visible. Instillation means the slow introduction of a liquid into a body part by pouring or injection

189
Q

Hysterosalpingography

A

a radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes ( hyster/o means uterus, salping/o means fallopian tube, and -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record). This test requires the instillation of radiopaque contrast material into the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes to make them visible. Instillation means the slow introduction of a liquid into a body part by pouring or injection

190
Q

Pap smear

A

an exfoliative biopsy of the cervix. It is performed to detect conditions that can be early indicators of cervical cancer (Figure 14.15). As used here, exfoliative means that cells are scraped from the tissue and examined under a microscope. A speculum is used to enlarge the opening of the vagina during the examination of the cervix and vagina

191
Q

pregnancy test

A

performed to detect an unusually high level of the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone in either a blood or urine specimen, which is usually an indication of pregnancy. A home pregnancy test uses a urine specimen, whereas a pregnancy test based on a blood specimen at a doctor’s office usually provides more reliable results.

192
Q

First trimester screening

A

also known as combined screening, is performed between 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy and involves an ultrasound and a finger-stick blood test. The combined results of these two measurements, plus the mother’s age, detect if the fetus is at increased risk for Down syndrome, which is discussed in Chapter 2. Diagnostic tests, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, are recommended for those at increased risk for this condition

193
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

the examination of cells retrieved from the chorionic villi, which are minute, vascular projections on the chorion. This test is performed between the 8th and 10th weeks of pregnancy to search for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus

194
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

the examination of cells retrieved from the chorionic villi, which are minute, vascular projections on the chorion. This test is performed between the 8th and 10th weeks of pregnancy to search for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus

195
Q

Amniocentesis

A

a surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid ( amnio means amnion and fetal membrane, and -centesis means a surgical puncture to remove fluid). This specimen, which is usually obtained after the 14th week of pregnancy, is used to evaluate fetal health and to diagnose certain congenital disorders

196
Q

contraceptive

A

measure taken to lessen the likelihood of pregnancy

197
Q

Birth control pills

A

a form of hormones that are administered as an oral contraceptive. Other forms of this type of contraceptive are available as an injection, a patch, an implant, and an inserted ring

198
Q

diaphragm

A

is a barrier contraceptive that prevents the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg

199
Q

intrauterine device

A

a molded plastic contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus to prevent pregnancy

200
Q

condom

A

will also prevent pregnancy when used correctly. It is the only contraceptive method mentioned here that will also prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases

201
Q

Hormone replacement therapy

A

the use of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone to replace those the body no longer produces during and after perimenopause. Estradiol and progestin are commonly used synthetic forms of estrogen and progesterone, respectively

202
Q

oophorectomy

A

also known as an ovariectomy, is the surgical removal of one or both ovaries ( oophor mean ovary, and -ectomy means surgical removal). If both ovaries are removed in a premenopausal woman, the patient experiences surgical menopause

203
Q

salpingectomy

A

is the surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes

204
Q

salpingo-oophorectomy

A

s the surgical removal of a fallopian tube and ovary ( salping/o means fallopian tube, oophor means ovary, and -ectomy means surgical removal). A bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is the removal of both of the fallopian tubes and ovaries

205
Q

Tubal ligation

A

a surgical sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent sperm from reaching a mature ovum

206
Q

colpopexy

A

also known as vaginofixation, is the surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure such as the abdominal wall

207
Q

colpopexy

A

also known as vaginofixation, is the surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure such as the abdominal wall

208
Q

Conization

A

also known as a cone biopsy, is the surgical removal of a cone-shaped specimen of tissue from the cervix. This is performed as a diagnostic procedure or to remove abnormal tissue

209
Q

Dilation and curettage

A

commonly known as a D & C, is a surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped away. This can be performed as a diagnostic or a treatment procedure. Dilation means the expansion of an opening. Curettage is the removal of material from the surface by scraping with an instrument known as a curette

210
Q

myomectomy

A

the surgical removal of uterine fibroids ( myom means muscle tumor, and -ectomy means surgical removal

211
Q

hysterectomy

A

the surgical removal of the uterus ( hyster means uterus, and -ectomy means surgical removal). The procedure is further described by the structures that are removed

212
Q

total hysterectomy

A

also known as a complete hysterectomy, the uterus and cervix are removed. This procedure can be performed through the vagina or laparoscopically through the abdomen

213
Q

radical hysterectomy

A

also known as a bilateral hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy, is most commonly performed to treat uterine cancer (Figure 14.16B). This procedure includes the surgical removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, the uterus and cervix, plus nearby lymph nodes. If this surgery is performed before natural menopause, the patient immediately experiences surgical menopause

214
Q

Mammoplasty

A

also spelled mammaplasty, is a general term for a cosmetic operation on the breasts

215
Q

Breast augmentation

A

is mammoplasty performed to increase breast size, often for cosmetic reasons. Augmentation means the process of adding to make larger. Breast augmentation is the opposite of breast reduction.

216
Q

Breast reduction

A

is mammoplasty performed to decrease and reshape excessively large, heavy breasts. Breast reduction, which is sometimes done to relieve back and neck pain, is the opposite of breast augmentation.

217
Q

Mastopexy

A

also called a breast lift, is a mammoplasty to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position

218
Q

Mastopexy

A

also called a breast lift, is a mammoplasty to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position

219
Q

cesarean section

A

also known as a C-section, is the delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls. This is usually performed when a vaginal birth would be unsafe for either the mother or baby.

220
Q

VBAC

A

VBAC is the acronym used to describe vaginal birth after a cesarean

221
Q

episiotomy

A

a surgical incision made into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissues as the infant moves out of the birth canal

222
Q

episiorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing to repair an episiotomy

223
Q

incubator

A

an apparatus for maintaining an environment of controlled temperature, humidity, and oxygen concentration for a premature or ill newborn

224
Q

assisted reproductive technology ART

A

describes techniques used to aid an infertile couple in achieving a viable pregnancy

225
Q

Artificial insemination

A

also called intrauterine insemination (IUI), is a technique in which sperm from a woman’s partner or from a donor are introduced into the vagina or uterus during the ovulatory phase of her menstrual cycle

226
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

a procedure in which mature ova are removed from the mother to be fertilized. The resulting embryos are transferred into the uterus with the hope that they will implant and continue to develop as a normal pregnancy. In vitro means in an artificial environment such as a test tube

227
Q

surrogate

A

a woman who agrees to become pregnant and give birth on behalf of a person or couple. Artificial insemination or surgical implantation of an in vitro fertilized egg may be used

Medical Terminology 101 (20 decks)

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