ch 7 - vocabulary / terms

Question 1

acid mantle

Answer 1

protective barrier of lipids and secretions on the surface of the skin

Question 2

acid-alkali neutralization reactions

Answer 2

when an acid is mixed with an alkali in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water (H₂O) and a salt

Question 3

acids

Answer 3

substances that have a pH below 7.0, taste sour, and turn litmus paper from blue to red

Question 4

air

Answer 4

• the gaseous mixture that makes up Earth’s atmosphere
• odorless, colorless, and generally consists of about 1 part oxygen and 4 parts nitrogen by volume

Question 5

alkalis

Answer 5

• aka. bases
• compounds that react with acids to form salts
• have a pH above 7.0 (neutral), taste bitter, and turn litmus paper from red to blue

Question 6

anion

Answer 6

an ion with a negative electrical charge

Question 7

antioxidants

Answer 7

• used to stabilize skin care products by preventing oxidation that would otherwise cause a product to turn rancid and decompose
• vitamins such as A, C, and E, which can be applied topically in products or taken internally to increase healthy body functions

Question 8

atoms

Answer 8

smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element that still retains the properties of that element

Question 9

cation

Answer 9

ion with a positive electrical charge

Question 10

chemical change

Answer 10

change in the chemical properties of a substance that is the result of a chemical reaction in which a new substance or substances are formed that have properties different from the original

Question 11

chemical compounds

Answer 11

combinations of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties

Question 12

chemical properties

Answer 12

those characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the identity of the substance

Question 13

chemistry

Answer 13

science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions

Question 14

combustion

Answer 14

rapid oxidation of any substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light

Question 15

compound molecules

Answer 15

• aka. compounds
• chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions

Question 16

element

Answer 16

• simplest form of matter
• cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity

Question 17

elemental molecules

Answer 17

molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions

Question 18

emulsions

Answer 18

unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier

Question 19

free radicals

Answer 19

• unstable molecules that cause inflammation, disease, and biochemical aging in the body, especially wrinkling and sagging of the skin
• super oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new free radical in the process that are created by highly reactive atoms or molecules (often oxygen)

Question 20

gases

Answer 20

• matter without a definite shape or size
• no fixed volume or shape
• takes the shape of its container

Question 21

hydrogen

Answer 21

• colorless, odorless, tasteless gas
• lightest element known

Question 22

hydrogen peroxide

Answer 22

• chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
• colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly acid taste

Question 23

hydrophilic

Answer 23

• easily absorbs moisture
• in chemistry terms, capable of combining with or attracting water (water-loving)

Question 24

hydroxide

Answer 24

an anion (an ion with a negative electrical charge) with one oxygen and one hydrogen atom

Question 25

immiscible

Answer 25

liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions

Question 26

inorganic chemistry

Answer 26

study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen

Question 27

ion

Answer 27

an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

Question 28

ionization

Answer 28

separation of an atom or molecule into positive or negative ions

Question 29

lipophilic

Answer 29

having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving)

Question 30

liquids

Answer 30

matter that has volume, no definite shape and will take shape of its container, such as water

Question 31

logarithmic scale

Answer 31

method of displaying data in multiples of 10

Question 32

matter

Answer 32

any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight)

Question 33

miscible

Answer 33

- capable of being mixed - liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions

Question 34

molecule

Answer 34

chemical combination of two or more atoms

Question 35

nitrogen

Answer 35

colorless gaseous element that makes up about four-fifths of the air in our atmosphere and is found chiefly in ammonia and nitrates

Question 36

oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion

Answer 36

oil droplets dispersed in a water with the aid of an emulsifying agent

Question 37

organic chemistry

Answer 37

study of substances that contain carbon

Question 38

oxidation

Answer 38

- either the addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen - chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide

Question 39

oxidation-reduction

Answer 39

- aka. redox - chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized

Question 40

oxidize

Answer 40

to combine or cause a substance to combine with oxygen

Question 41

oxygen

Answer 41

most abundant element of Earth

Question 42

pH

Answer 42

- abbreviation used for potential hydrogen - relative degree of acidity and alkalinity of a substance - represents the quantity of hydrogen ions

Question 43

pH scale

Answer 43

- measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance - pH scale has a range of 0-14, with 7 being a neutral - pH below 7 is an acidic solution - pH above 7 is an alkaline solution

Question 44

physical change

Answer 44

change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the formation of a new substance

Question 45

physical mixtures

Answer 45

combination of two or more substances united physically, not chemically, without a fixed composition and in any proportions

Question 46

physical properties

Answer 46

characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance

Question 47

redox reactions

Answer 47

chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized

Question 48

reduction

Answer 48

process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction

Question 49

solids

Answer 49

state of matter that is rigid with a definite size and shape, such as ice

Question 50

solute

Answer 50

substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution

Question 51

solutions

Answer 51

uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances

Question 52

solutions

Answer 52

uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances

Question 53

solvent

Answer 53

substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution

Question 54

states of matter

Answer 54

- three different physical forms of matter - solid, liquid, and gas

Question 55

surfactants

Answer 55

- acronym for surface active agent - reduce surface tension between the skin and the product to increase product spreadability - allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify

Question 56

suspensions

Answer 56

unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible substances

Question 57

water

Answer 57

most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75% of the Earth's surface and about 65% of the human body

Question 58

water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion

Answer 58

droplets of water dispersed in an oil