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milady esthetics > ch 7 - vocabulary / terms > Flashcards

ch 7 - vocabulary / terms Flashcards

1
Q

acid mantle

A

protective barrier of lipids and secretions on the surface of the skin

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2
Q

acid-alkali neutralization reactions

A

when an acid is mixed with an alkali in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water (H₂O) and a salt

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3
Q

acids

A

substances that have a pH below 7.0, taste sour, and turn litmus paper from blue to red

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4
Q

air

A
  • the gaseous mixture that makes up Earth’s atmosphere
  • odorless, colorless, and generally consists of about 1 part oxygen and 4 parts nitrogen by volume
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5
Q

alkalis

A
  • aka. bases
  • compounds that react with acids to form salts
  • have a pH above 7.0 (neutral), taste bitter, and turn litmus paper from red to blue
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6
Q

anion

A

an ion with a negative electrical charge

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7
Q

antioxidants

A
  • used to stabilize skin care products by preventing oxidation that would otherwise cause a product to turn rancid and decompose
  • vitamins such as A, C, and E, which can be applied topically in products or taken internally to increase healthy body functions
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8
Q

atoms

A

smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element that still retains the properties of that element

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9
Q

cation

A

ion with a positive electrical charge

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10
Q

chemical change

A

change in the chemical properties of a substance that is the result of a chemical reaction in which a new substance or substances are formed that have properties different from the original

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11
Q

chemical compounds

A

combinations of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties

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12
Q

chemical properties

A

those characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the identity of the substance

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13
Q

chemistry

A

science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions

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14
Q

combustion

A

rapid oxidation of any substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light

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15
Q

compound molecules

A
  • aka. compounds
  • chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions
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16
Q

element

A
  • simplest form of matter
  • cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity
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17
Q

elemental molecules

A

molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions

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18
Q

emulsions

A

unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier

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19
Q

free radicals

A
  • unstable molecules that cause inflammation, disease, and biochemical aging in the body, especially wrinkling and sagging of the skin
  • super oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new free radical in the process that are created by highly reactive atoms or molecules (often oxygen)
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20
Q

gases

A
  • matter without a definite shape or size
  • no fixed volume or shape
  • takes the shape of its container
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21
Q

hydrogen

A
  • colorless, odorless, tasteless gas
  • lightest element known
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22
Q

hydrogen peroxide

A
  • chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
  • colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly acid taste
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23
Q

hydrophilic

A
  • easily absorbs moisture
  • in chemistry terms, capable of combining with or attracting water (water-loving)
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24
Q

hydroxide

A

an anion (an ion with a negative electrical charge) with one oxygen and one hydrogen atom

25
Q

immiscible

A

liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions

26
Q

inorganic chemistry

A

study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen

27
Q

ion

A

an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

28
Q

ionization

A

separation of an atom or molecule into positive or negative ions

29
Q

lipophilic

A

having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving)

30
Q

liquids

A

matter that has volume, no definite shape and will take shape of its container, such as water

31
Q

logarithmic scale

A

method of displaying data in multiples of 10

32
Q

matter

A

any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight)

33
Q

miscible

A
  • capable of being mixed
  • liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions
34
Q

molecule

A

chemical combination of two or more atoms

35
Q

nitrogen

A

colorless gaseous element that makes up about four-fifths of the air in our atmosphere and is found chiefly in ammonia and nitrates

36
Q

oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion

A

oil droplets dispersed in a water with the aid of an emulsifying agent

37
Q

organic chemistry

A

study of substances that contain carbon

38
Q

oxidation

A
  • either the addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen
  • chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide
39
Q

oxidation-reduction

A
  • aka. redox
  • chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized
40
Q

oxidize

A

to combine or cause a substance to combine with oxygen

41
Q

oxygen

A

most abundant element of Earth

42
Q

pH

A
  • abbreviation used for potential hydrogen
  • relative degree of acidity and alkalinity of a substance
  • represents the quantity of hydrogen ions
43
Q

pH scale

A
  • measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance
  • pH scale has a range of 0-14, with 7 being a neutral
  • pH below 7 is an acidic solution
  • pH above 7 is an alkaline solution
44
Q

physical change

A

change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the formation of a new substance

45
Q

physical mixtures

A

combination of two or more substances united physically, not chemically, without a fixed composition and in any proportions

46
Q

physical properties

A

characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance

47
Q

redox reactions

A

chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized

48
Q

reduction

A

process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction

49
Q

solids

A

state of matter that is rigid with a definite size and shape, such as ice

50
Q

solute

A

substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution

51
Q

solutions

A

uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances

52
Q

solutions

A

uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances

53
Q

solvent

A

substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution

54
Q

states of matter

A
  • three different physical forms of matter
  • solid, liquid, and gas
55
Q

surfactants

A
  • acronym for surface active agent
  • reduce surface tension between the skin and the product to increase product spreadability
  • allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify
56
Q

suspensions

A

unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible substances

57
Q

water

A

most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75% of the Earth’s surface and about 65% of the human body

58
Q

water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion

A

droplets of water dispersed in an oil

milady esthetics (46 decks)

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