CH 7 Module 3 Flashcards
Gene
a sequence of DNA or RNA, it codes for a molecule that has a function.
> During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA.
Genome
an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.
> Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism.
DNA Replication
A process that includes DNA, it is defined as the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
Transcription
A process, the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
> Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language.
Translation
A process where the mRNA is decoded in a ribosome, outside the nucleus, to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide.
> The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its functions in the cell.
DNA polymerase
A type of Polymerase enzyme that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.
RNA Polymerase
A type of Polymerase enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, duyring the process of transcription.
> As complex molecule composed of protein subunits, it controls the process of transcription, during which the information stored in a molecule of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA.
Ligase
A type of enzyme that brings about ligation of DNA or another substance.
mRNA
A type of RNA that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
tRNA
A type of RNA that is an adaptor molecule, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
rRNA
A type of RNA that is the component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms. It constitutes the predominant material within the ribosome
cDNA
A type of DNA that is synthesized from a single stranded RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes.
R-Factor
A type of factor that is an old name for a plasmid that codes for antibiotic resistance. Often it codes for more than one antibiotic resistance factor: genes that encode resistance to unrelated antibiotics may be carried on a single of it, sometimes up to 8 different resistances.
F-factor
A type of factor allows genes to be transferred from one bacterium carrying the factor to another bacterium lacking the factor by conjugation.
Conjugation
The process the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. …
The genetic information transferred is often beneficial to the recipient.
Transformation
The process where genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane(s).
Transduction
The process where genetic recombination in bacteria in which genes from a host cell are incorporated into the genome of a bacterial virus
and then carried to another host cell when the bacteriophage initiates another cycle of infection.
Codon
A sequence, of three nucleotides,
that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Anticodon
A sequence, of three nucleotides,
forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
Mutation
the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
Frameshift mutation
a type of genetic mutation,
caused by indels of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.
Primase
an enzyme,
that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers. These primers serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis. Since THIS produces RNA molecules, the enzyme is a type of RNA THIS.
Primer
a short strand of RNA or DNA,
that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis. It is required for DNA replication because the enzymes that catalyze this process, DNA IT, can only add new nucleotides to an existing strand of DNA.
β-galactosidase
a enzyme ,
that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactosides into monosaccharides through the breaking of a glycosidic bond.
Inducible
an enzyme
that is expressed only under conditions in which it is clear of adaptive value, as opposed to a constitutive enzyme which is produced all the time.
lac operon
Two words.
It consists of three structural genes, and a promoter, a terminator, regulator, and an operator., an intracellular enzyme that cleaves the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose.
Promoter Site
a site,
of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. They are located near the transcription start sites of genes, on the same strand and upstream on the DNA (towards the 5’ region of the sense strand).
Operator Site
A site,
a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression by repressing it. The protein that does this is called a ??. Repressors bind to ??? to prevent transcription.
Repressor protien
a protein,
DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers.
Repressor Gene
A gene,
that prevents a nonallele from being transcribed
Restriction Enzyme
an enzyme,
produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.
Inducer
a molecule that regulates gene expression. An inducer can bind to protein repressors or activators. Inducers function by disabling repressors. The gene is expressed because an inducer binds to the repressor.
UV Radation
Targets of DNA damage caused by this exposure include both proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
ionization radation genes
It produce genetic mutations, this type of Radiation may alter the DNA within any cell. Cell damage and death that result from mutations in somatic cells occur only in the organism in which the mutation occurred and are therefore termed somatic or nonheritable effects.
Thiamine Dimmer
Induction of THIS Dimers by UV radiation. Its produced when adjacent thymidine residues are covalently linked by exposure to ltraviolet radiation. Covalent linkage may result in the dimer being replicated as a single base, which results in a frameshift mutation..
Intron
a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.
Exons
a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence.
Vector
a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed (e.g.- plasmid, cosmid, Lambda phages).
Plasmid
a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan.
sense strand of DNA
It provides the template for the complementary mRNA
64
In the DNA code table, there are how many codons are there ?
1
In the DNA code table, there are how many codons for methionine?
3
In the DNA code table, there are how many codons for nonsense codons that are stop?
60
In the DNA code table, there are how many codons for the 20 amino acids?
AUG
In the DNA code table, what is always the first codon that codes for the amino acid Methionine (Met)?
UUA
In the DNA code table, what is the codon for leucine ?
GCA
In the DNA code table, what is the codon for alanine ?
AAG
In the DNA code table, what is the codon for lysine ?
GUU
In the DNA code table, what is the codon for valine?
Idk
Which is correct A or B?
A)3’ GCAAAGUUA
B)3’ CGTTTCAAT
Same
In prokaryotes transcription and translation occur at the ______ time and more than one gene is transcribed on a piece of mRNA (polycistronic)
Mature
Processing of mRNA differs greatly among eukaryotes, bacteria, and archea. Non-eukaryotic mRNA is, in essence, ______ upon transcription and requires no processing, except in rare cases. Eukaryotic pre-mRNA, however, requires extensive processing.
One
In prokaryotic cells, there is only ______ point of origin, replication occurs in two opposing directions at the same time, and takes place in the cell cytoplasm.
Multiple
Eukaryotic cells on the other hand, have _____ points of origin, and use unidirectional replication within the nucleus of the cell.
Four
Prokaryotic cells possess one or two types of polymerases, whereas eukaryotes have _____ or more.
UV
Basically, _____ kills cells because of the accumulation of DNA damage. A gene product, called p53, is one of the responsible parties for slowing the cell cycle and checking for damage.
transposons
a chromosomal segment that can undergo transposition, especially a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole between chromosomal, phage, and plasmid DNA in the absence of a complementary sequence in the host DNA.
DNA
What do restrictions enzymes cut? an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites.To cut _____, all restriction enzymes make two incisions, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e. each strand) of the DNA double helix.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
98 °C
Initialization: This step is only required for DNA polymerases that require heat activation by hot-start PCR. It consists of heating the reaction chamber to a temperature of _____ °C (208 °F) if extremely thermostable polymerases are used, which is then held for 1–10 minutes.
