CH 3 Flashcards
Discovered two forms of bacteria under a microscope by staining, the frame positive and gram negative.
Hans Gram
This study has revealed the cells of the domains bacteria, archaea and prokaryotic. The chemicals that interfere with prokaryotic cells are used to selectively distort bacteria without hurting humans.
Microscopy
This type of microscope uses visible lights and a series of lenses to magnify objects. Simple. Up to 1,000x. Used routinely in laboratories to absolve cell size, shape, and motility.
Light Microscope
A type of microscope that can view up to 100,000x power. Find details of cell structure.
Electron Microscope
This type of microscope produces images of individual atoms on a surface.
Atomic Force Microscope
A technique of microscopy that involves light passing through a specimen and then through a series of magnifying lenses.
Light Microscopy
A type of microscope that illuminates the field of view and generates a bright background.
Bright-Field Microscope
The modern microscope uses multiple magnifying lenses.
Compound Microscope
Lenses that allow selection of different magnification.
Objective Lens
Also known as eyepiece is a lens close to the eye.
Ocular lens
A lens that focuses light on a specimen.
Condenser Lens
A unit of measurement of ability to see two objects very close and sets the minimum distance. This unit is in the result of quality, type of lens, the wavelength of light, magnification and how specimens are prepared.
Resolving Power
The maximum resolving power of the best light microscopes that are able to see morphology of prokaryotic cells but not viruses is µm?
0.2 µ
A type of technique that affects resolution and achieving the max/min?
Typically by using immersion oil to displace air between lens and specimen.
Maximum Resolution
A type of light bending that result of some light rays missing relative small openings of higher-power objective lenses causes fuzzy image.
Refraction
A type of lighting that results in color intensity between object and background helps with colorless origins is s instead of killing them with a stain.
Contrast
A type of light microscope that increases the contrast between microbes and surroundings.
High Contrast light Microscopes
A technique used in microscopy that results in a dark background image, helps organisms stand out.
Dark-Field Microscope
A type of microscope that reflects light slightly different, resulting in cells and dense materials appearing darker.
Phase-Contrast Microscope
A technique/microscope in microscopic resulting in a 3D looking image by using differences in refractive index.
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
A type of microscope used to observe cells or materials that are stained UV dye or fluorescent t.
Fluorescence Microscope
A type of microscope that uses fluorescent molecules to create HD or 3D images.
Scanning Laser Microscope (SLM)
A type of microscopy that focuses laser beams to a point on one plane of a specimen. Like a mini cat scan that kills cells.
Confocal Microscopy
A type of microscopy with lower energy that focuses a laser beam on a point on one plane of a specimen. Improved. Live cells can be obtained. A safe mini cat scan.
Multi-photon Microscopy
A type of microscopy that magnifies p to 100,000x with visible light. The image is photographed. A vacuums microscope. Avoids air molecules. Uses electromagnetics and electrons.
Electron Microscopy
A type of microbe that observes fine details of cell structures by directing electrons through or scattering. Can result in artifacts. The “artifact” microscope because of think-sectioning techniques that break cells.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
A method used for observing shape and structure within a cell, typically cell is frozen and shattered along the middle of the membrane.
Freeze-fracturing
A technique used that freezes rapidly specimens, avoiding cell damage. Tomography complies images to a created 3D image.
Cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM)
A technique used that observers surface details of cells. A beam of electrons scan specimen creating a 3D image.
Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs)
A type of microscope that uses a physical probe that produces detailed images of surfaces such as atomic force microscope. Simplistic of all microscopes. Like a stylus on a record player.
Scanning Probe Microscope
A technique of slide preparation where a drop of liquid is placed on a slide, overlaid with a coverslip (leaving specimen in between). Difficult to see clear cells.
Wet Mounts
A technique where specimens are stained. A drop of specimen liquid is placed on a slide and allowed to dry, passed over a flame to fix cells, flood smear with stain and dry.
Examine with a microscope. Heat distorts cells.
Staining Specimens
A term used if only one dye is used in specimen staining.
Simple staining
A type of stain that is positively charged dye particles, attaching to negatively charged components. Ex: methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin, malachite green.
Positively Charged Dye
A type of dye that doesn’t really stain a cell and is used for negative staining.
Acidic Dyes
A type of procedure that allows cells to stand out of images by coloring the background. Cells repel the negative charge dye. Wet mounts are okay.
Negative Staining
A basic stain for staining cells increases contrast.
Simple Stain
A type of stain that distinguishing cells in individual groups of microorganisms by using gram and acid-fast stains.
Differential Stains
A stain that separates Gram-POS and Gram-NEG bacteria, by staining fundamental differences in the chemical structure of cell wall.
Gram Stain
A specific stain for genus Mycobacterium, where other stains typically won’t work.
Acid-fast stain
A special type of stain that for specific cell structures, some stains used are capsule, endospore and flagella stains.
Special Stains
A common procedure that darkens backgrounds, allowing the capsule to stand out.
Capsule stain
A type of stains for dormant cells doesn’t readily take stains. Typically by the Bacillus and Clostridium species that contain endospores.
Endospore stain
A type of staining agent that allows visibility with light microscopes by adhering and coating thin flagella.
Flagella Stain
A type of method where dye and tags absorb UV light and emit light of longer wavelength. This includes fluorescent dyes and tags.
Fluorescent Dyes and Tags
A group of dyes that bind to compound the of cells, or compounds in specific cells.
Fluorescent Dyes
A type of stain where UV antibodies are used to tag specific molecules.
Fluorescent Tags
One of two most common bacteria shapes, spherical, some are slightly oval and flat on one end.
Coccus/ Cocci
A second of the two most common bacteria shapes are cylindrical, often called ?
Rod / Bacillus
A type of cell that is a short rod shape and curbed.
Vibrio / Vibros
Along spiral-shaped cell with flexible cell walls.
Spirillum/Spirilla
A type of cell that is spiral shaped with flexible cell walls and contains a unique mechanism of mortality.
Spirochete
A type of cell that is a short rod that is often confused with coccus shapes.
Coccobacillus
A type of bacteria shape with characteristics that vary in shape. “Many” + “shapes”.
Pleomorphic
A process in which one cell devides into two, such as prokaryotes.
Binary Fission
A grouping of cells that stick together.
Characteristic Groupings
A type of grouping where varying lengths of cells in one plane.
Chain
A type of bacteria grouping that occurs as pairs of cocci.
Diplococci
A type of packets where bacteria grouping where cells divide into multiple planes or “perpendicular planes”.
Cubical Packets
A type of association where group of cells that make them a pack, such as moving or degrading nutrients as a pact.
Multicellular Associations
A type of multicellular association where cells pack together to form a structure.
Fruiting Body
A type of multicellular association where bacteria live in polymer-encased communities.
Biofilms
These types of cells contain a cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, and if present a capsule.
Prokaryotic Cells
Within cells a membrane surrounds bacterial cell and includes cytoplasmic member, cell wall and if, a capsule.
Cell Envelope
Inside cells a thick substance filled with nutrients, ribosomes and enzymes is found, known.
Cytoplasm
Within the cytoplasm of a cell, this substance is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Crystal
Within the cell, a region that is gel-like contains the cytoplasm where chromosomes are found.
Nucleotide
In a cell, this structure is thin, delicate and srrounds the cytoplasm and defines the boundary of the cell, crucially permeable between outside environment.
Cytoplasmic Membrane
This type of cell membrane is typically found in other cells and is made up of a phospholipid belayer embedded with proteins.
Prokaryotic Cytoplasmic membrane
A structure found outside the cell wall and composed of protein subunits that form helical chains, such as flagella and pli.
Filamentous appendages
A type of filamentous appendage that provides most common mechanism of motility.
Flagella
A type of filamentous appendage that has variosu functions such as fimbriae, which allows cellls to stick to one another, twitching or gility motality, sex pili help in dna transfer.
Pili
Two types of structures found outside the cell wall that are made of polysaccharide, such as capsules and slime layers.
Capsules and slime layers
This type of layer outside the cell wall is distinct gel that allows bacterias to stick to speific surfaces, also acts as defense mechnism for imunity.
Capsule
This type of layer outside the cell wall is difuse and irrigular, allows bacteria to stick to specific surfaces.
Slime Layer
The cell wall contains a substance that is found in the cell wall and provides rigidity of bacterial cell walls, prevening lysing, and comes in gram-postive and gram-negative forms.
peptdoglycan
In the cell wall and is a thick layer of peptidoglycycan that contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acids.
Gram-Positive
In the cell wall and is a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrrae called lipopolysaccharide.
Gram-Negative
A type of membrane located in the surroundings of cell, and is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, surrounds cytoplasm, protects and transmits information from inside to outside cell wall.
Cytoplasmic Membrane
An internal component that carries genetic data of cell… this genetic data is called?
DNA
An internal component, type of DNA that carries DNA required by cell, typically single, circular, double-sttranded DNA molecule.
Chromosome
An internal component, type of DNA that carries only geneticic data that is advantagous to cell in response.
Plasmid
An internal component that makes cells dormant, resistant to heat, desiccation, UV and toxic chemicals.
Endospore
An internal component that functions as a protien framework, involved in cell diviion and shape of cell.
Cytoskeleton
An internal component that provides buoyancy to a cell, the structure is small and rigid.
Gas Vesticles
An internal compounent where accumulations of high-moleculular-weight polymers, synthesized from nutrient available in realitive excess.
Granules
An internal compounent involved in protient synthisis. Two subunits 30S and 50S form 70S ribosome.
Ribosomes
A model where membrane protiens behave by contstatly drift laterally in the phosolipid bilayer.
Fluid mosaic model
In cytoplasmic membranes certain subsnaces are able to cross the memberane.
Selectivly Permeable
A type of membrane that allows watter passages, pore-forming memberane protiens.
Aquaporins
Where molecules move from a region of high concentration to low, until equilibrium reached.
Simple Diffisuon
A type of difiusion of water across selectivly permable membranes.
Osmosis
“less”-tonic
Hypotonic
“more”-tonic
Hpotonic
“the same”-tonic
Isotonic
A process where series of protein complexes exchange electrons and protons in and out of the cell.
Electron Transport Chain
The seperation of protons and hydroxide ions create electrochemical gradients across the cell memberane, energy storage.
Proton Motive Force
A type of mechanisms that regulates ntrients and small molecules to enter the cell
Transport Systems
A form of passive transport using protients to move substances that cannot difuse through lipid bilayers.
Facilitated Diffisuion
Are facilated diffusions used in prokarayotes ? Rarely or Often?
Rarely
Engery is used to accumulate molecules agains a concentration gradient.
Active Transport
A type of active transport that use a specific assistance where ptotons are allowed into a cell and another substance is brought along or expelled.
Proton Motive Force
A type of active transporter that uses ATP as engery, binding protiens deliver a molecule to the transporter.
ABC transporters
In this type of transport mechnisim, the transported molecule is chemically alterted as it passes into the cell.
Group Translocation
A process where cells activly move certain protiens they synthesis out of the cell and into the surrounding enviorment.
Protein Secretion
A type of sequence that functions as a tag that directs the section machinery to move the protient ocrross the membrane.
Signal Sequence
A type of negativley charged chain of common subunit to which sugars and d_alinine are typically attached.
Teichoic Acids
A type of cell wall that contains only a think layer of peptidoglycan.
Gram-Negative Cell
A type of cell wall with unique lipid bilayers embedded with protiens, joined to peptidoglycan by lipoprotiens.
Outer Membrane
A type of bacteria that is unique due to the outside layer made up of a molecule called lipopolysacharide (LPS).
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Important molecule, when injected, gives symptoms of infections by live bacteria.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
A toxin present inside a bacterial cell that is relased when it disintegrates.
Endotoxin
In an LPS molecule, part of this molecule contains a substance that anchors to LPS in lipidbilayer and is part of the body recoginizes as sign of invasion by gram-neg bacteria.
Lipid A
In an LPS molecule, a portion of this molecule directed away from the memberane at the end oppisite of lipid A. Made of sugar molecules, varies among speicies between species or strains.
O-Antigon
In a Gram-Neg bacteria, this type of membrane allows regulation of substances that cuase harm, such as antimicrobrail drugs.
Porins
A type of substance space filled with gel-like substance between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane.
Periplasm
Studied antibiotics that enterfers with peptioglycan synthesis.
Penicillin
A type of enzyme found in tears, saliva, body fluids that breaks bonds that link alernatiing sub untis of glycan chain, destroyin g structural integrity of peptidoglycan molecules.
Lysozyme
This type of cell wall retains the gram dye due to cell was preventing crystal violet
Gram-Positive Cells
This type of cell wall loses the gram dye quite easily.
Gram-Negative Cells
A type of bacteria that causes mild form of pneumonia, flexible and are unaffected by penicillin nor lysozyme, do these bacteria lack or have a cell wall?
Lack
The cell walls of Archaea do/not? contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall?
Not
A distinct gell layer outsid ethe cell wall. Vary in chemical compisition depending on spcieices. Most composed of polysaccharidies reffered as glycocalyx. Few consist of polypeptides, made up of rpeating subunits of amino acids.
Capsule
A type of diffuse and irrigular layer outside the cell wall. Vary in chemical compisition depending on spcieices. Most composed of polysaccharidies reffered as glycocalyx.
Slime Layer
A long protien structure responsoble for most types of prokaryotic motality.
Flagella
The response when bacteria sense the presence of chemicals and respond by moving in a certain direction.
Chemotaxis
A structure that is shorter and thinner than flagella.
Pili/Pilus
A type of Pilus that llows cells to attach to specific sufraces.
Fimbriae
A type of pilus is used to join one bacerium to another for specific type of DNA trnasfers.
Sex Pilus
In prokaryotic, this component is a single, circular and double stranded DNA molecule that contains Genetic DATA and required by a cellar and is required by a cell or helpful.
Chromosomes
In prokaryotic cells, this component is chromosome that is twisted and folded tightly packed mass with cytoplasm, creates a gel-like region.
Nucleoid
These structures are similar to the chromosome but are smaller and typically don’t encode essential genetic data.
Plasmids
This structure is involved in protien synthsis, where it facilitates the joining of amino acids.
Ribosomes
A processe where endospores survive treaments of sterilization may exisit the dormant stage and become a vegetatitive cell.
Germinate
A type of cell that is activley growing rather than forming spores.
Vegetative Cell
A sequences of changes, begins by sense of starvation, cell stops growing, septum forms, larger compartments engolfued into smaller comparetments, forms a forsepore and the mother cell is degraded, releasing endospore.
Sporulation
This can by triggered by a brief exposure to heat or chemicals, endospores obsorbs water and swells, lysis, vegetative cell grows out, core walls become peptidoglycan layers of the vetitive cell.
Germination
see organelles.
membrane-enclosed compartments
The interior of another organells that buds of sections forming membrane-bound vesicles. ???
Lumen
A type of system found in multicellular organisms that form groups of cells that function cooperatively.
Tissue
A type of system found in multicellular organisms that forms tissues that create a system.
Organs
A type of protein found on the membrane, they face the outside and some function as transports, cell integrity. Etc.
Receptors
A type receptor (protein found on outside of membrane) that binds to a specific molecule.
Ligand
The process where receptors that are ligands (talk with specific molecules) commentate.
Signaling
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, this type of membrane is asymmetrical phospholipid bilayer embedded with protiens. Permeability barrier, transport and cell-to-cell communication.
Cytoplasmic Membrane
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, this type of internal protein structure contains microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, beats in synchrony for movement.
Cilia
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, this internal protein structure is a dynamic filamentous network that provides structure to the cell.
Cytoskeleton
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, this internal protein structure contains microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement and propels or pushes the cell with a wipe-like or thrashing motion.
Flagella
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, this internal protein structure is composed of 60S+40S which join and form 80S ribosome.
Ribosomes
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles are the sites of photosynthesis where sunlight energy generates ATP which converts CO2 to carbohydrates.
Chloroplasts
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles are the sites of synthesis of macromolecules, designated for other organelles or the external environment.
Endoplasmic reticulum
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, in the endoplasmic reticulum, this structure is attached to ribosomes. thread protiens, they are synthesized into lumen of the organelle.
Rough
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, in the endoplasmic reticulum, are sites of lipid synthesis and degradation and calcium ion storage.
Smooth
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, this site is where macromolecules are destined for other organelles or the external enviorment.
Golgi apparatus
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles contain sites that are the digestion of macromolecules.
Lysosomes
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, are sites that harvest energy released durring the degradation of organic compounds to generate ATP.
Mitochondria
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, this site contains genetic data (DNA).
Nucleus
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, this site is where oxidation of lipids and toxic chemicals occurs.
Peroxisome
In general characteristics, Prokaryotic cells are _____ µm and eukaryotic cells are _____µm in diameter.
0.3-2µm, 5-50µm
In general characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, both types of cells replicate by chromosomes, prokaryotic cells are followed by _____, however eukaryotic cells differ by _____ + _____.
Binary fission, mitosis, division
In general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, A prokaryotic cell contains chromosomes in the _____, eukaryotic cells differ by being complex… thus stores chromosomes in the membered-bound _____.
Nucleoid, nucleus
The structures of walls in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells contain _____, while E.cells are _____ of this substance.
Peptidoglycocan, absent
The structures of chromosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells contain _____ strand, which is common, while E.cells are found-in ______ strand, wrapped in histones.
Singular, multiple
The structures of flagella in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells flagella are attached to the _____, while E.cells are covered by the ext. of _____ membrane.
Envelope, cytoplasmic
The structures of flagella in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells flagella are composed of _____ units, while E.cells are made up of ______ units.
Protein, microtubules
The structures of nucleus in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells are _____, while E.cells are _____.
Absent, present
The structures of ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells contain _____S ribosomes, subunits are _____S + _____S, while E.cells contain _____S ribosomes, the subunits are _____S + _____S .
[70S = 50S+30S], [80S = 60S+40S]
The structures of ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, E.cells contain _____ ribosomes in both their mitochondria and chloroplast, a number not to be confused with E.Cells ribosomes 70S ribosomes.
70S
The structures of chromosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells contain _____ strand, which is common, while E.cells are found-in ______ strand, wrapped in histones.
Singular, multiple
The structures function of degradation of extracellular substances in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells degrade macromolecules _____-side the cell by enzyme process, while E.cells degrade macromolecules _____-side cell by endocytosis process.
Outside/inside
The structures function of motility in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ, although both contain _____ but are differently structured, P.cells do not contain _____ , as result it rotates like a propellers, unlike the moving synchrony that results like a whip-like action, propelling E.cells.
Propellers, cilia
The structures function of protein secretion in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ, in _____ cells secretion systems transport proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane, but that’s not the case with E.cells. Protiens are transported by lumen->ER-> Golgi A. -> Vesicles (exocytosis).
P.cells, E.cells
The structures functions of strength and rigidity in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ, P.cells contain _____ cell wall, while E.cells contain _____ cell membrane, cytoskeleton, filaments and microfilaments, and in some, cell wall or sterols.
Peptidoglycan, Microtubules
The structures functions of transport in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ, while both contain active transport, P.cells are _____ active and in E.cells are different, they also contain ______ diffusion.
Primary, facilitated
These types of _____ proteins functions as aquaporins, channels or carriers.
Transport
This type of protein facilitates water passage.
Aquaporins
This type of protiens forms small pores in the membrane, control passage of small molecules or ions. Also contains a gate that is responsive.
Channels
This type of protein it facilitates diffusion and active transport, highly common in prokaryotic cells.
Carriers
A process where eukaryotic cells intake materials by creating folds in their membranes (eating), transport proteins are too small for this type of transport.
Endocytosis
A process similar to endocytosis, however materials are smaller like liquid
Pinocytes
