CH 3 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Discovered two forms of bacteria under a microscope by staining, the frame positive and gram negative.
A
Hans Gram
2
Q
This study has revealed the cells of the domains bacteria, archaea and prokaryotic. The chemicals that interfere with prokaryotic cells are used to selectively distort bacteria without hurting humans.
A
Microscopy
3
Q
This type of microscope uses visible lights and a series of lenses to magnify objects. Simple. Up to 1,000x. Used routinely in laboratories to absolve cell size, shape, and motility.
A
Light Microscope
4
Q
A type of microscope that can view up to 100,000x power. Find details of cell structure.
A
Electron Microscope
5
Q
This type of microscope produces images of individual atoms on a surface.
A
Atomic Force Microscope
6
Q
A technique of microscopy that involves light passing through a specimen and then through a series of magnifying lenses.
A
Light Microscopy
7
Q
A type of microscope that illuminates the field of view and generates a bright background.
A
Bright-Field Microscope
8
Q
The modern microscope uses multiple magnifying lenses.
A
Compound Microscope
9
Q
Lenses that allow selection of different magnification.
A
Objective Lens
10
Q
Also known as eyepiece is a lens close to the eye.
A
Ocular lens
11
Q
A lens that focuses light on a specimen.
A
Condenser Lens
12
Q
A unit of measurement of ability to see two objects very close and sets the minimum distance. This unit is in the result of quality, type of lens, the wavelength of light, magnification and how specimens are prepared.
A
Resolving Power
13
Q
The maximum resolving power of the best light microscopes that are able to see morphology of prokaryotic cells but not viruses is µm?
A
0.2 µ
14
Q
A type of technique that affects resolution and achieving the max/min?
Typically by using immersion oil to displace air between lens and specimen.
A
Maximum Resolution
15
Q
A type of light bending that result of some light rays missing relative small openings of higher-power objective lenses causes fuzzy image.
A
Refraction
16
Q
A type of lighting that results in color intensity between object and background helps with colorless origins is s instead of killing them with a stain.
A
Contrast
17
Q
A type of light microscope that increases the contrast between microbes and surroundings.
A
High Contrast light Microscopes
18
Q
A technique used in microscopy that results in a dark background image, helps organisms stand out.
A
Dark-Field Microscope
19
Q
A type of microscope that reflects light slightly different, resulting in cells and dense materials appearing darker.
A
Phase-Contrast Microscope
20
Q
A technique/microscope in microscopic resulting in a 3D looking image by using differences in refractive index.
A
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
21
Q
A type of microscope used to observe cells or materials that are stained UV dye or fluorescent t.
A
Fluorescence Microscope
22
Q
A type of microscope that uses fluorescent molecules to create HD or 3D images.
A
Scanning Laser Microscope (SLM)
23
Q
A type of microscopy that focuses laser beams to a point on one plane of a specimen. Like a mini cat scan that kills cells.
A
Confocal Microscopy
24
Q
A type of microscopy with lower energy that focuses a laser beam on a point on one plane of a specimen. Improved. Live cells can be obtained. A safe mini cat scan.
A
Multi-photon Microscopy
25
A type of microscopy that magnifies p to 100,000x with visible light. The image is photographed. A vacuums microscope. Avoids air molecules. Uses electromagnetics and electrons.
Electron Microscopy
26
A type of microbe that observes fine details of cell structures by directing electrons through or scattering. Can result in artifacts. The “artifact” microscope because of think-sectioning techniques that break cells.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
27
A method used for observing shape and structure within a cell, typically cell is frozen and shattered along the middle of the membrane.
Freeze-fracturing
28
A technique used that freezes rapidly specimens, avoiding cell damage. Tomography complies images to a created 3D image.
Cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM)
29
A technique used that observers surface details of cells. A beam of electrons scan specimen creating a 3D image.
Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs)
30
A type of microscope that uses a physical probe that produces detailed images of surfaces such as atomic force microscope. Simplistic of all microscopes. Like a stylus on a record player.
Scanning Probe Microscope
31
A technique of slide preparation where a drop of liquid is placed on a slide, overlaid with a coverslip (leaving specimen in between). Difficult to see clear cells.
Wet Mounts
32
A technique where specimens are stained. A drop of specimen liquid is placed on a slide and allowed to dry, passed over a flame to fix cells, flood smear with stain and dry.
Examine with a microscope. Heat distorts cells.
Staining Specimens
33
A term used if only one dye is used in specimen staining.
Simple staining
34
A type of stain that is positively charged dye particles, attaching to negatively charged components. Ex: methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin, malachite green.
Positively Charged Dye
35
A type of dye that doesn’t really stain a cell and is used for negative staining.
Acidic Dyes
36
A type of **procedure** that allows cells to stand out of images by coloring the background. Cells repel the negative charge dye. Wet mounts are okay.
Negative Staining
37
A **basic stain** for staining cells increases contrast.
Simple Stain
38
A type of stain that distinguishing cells in individual groups of microorganisms by using gram and acid-fast stains.
Differential Stains
39
A stain that separates Gram-POS and Gram-NEG bacteria, by staining fundamental differences in the chemical structure of cell wall.
Gram Stain
40
A specific stain for genus Mycobacterium, where other stains typically won’t work.
Acid-fast stain
41
A special type of stain that for specific cell structures, some stains used are capsule, endospore and flagella stains.
Special Stains
42
A common procedure that darkens backgrounds, allowing the capsule to stand out.
Capsule stain
43
A type of stains for dormant cells doesn’t readily take stains. Typically by the Bacillus and Clostridium species that contain endospores.
Endospore stain
44
A type of staining agent that allows visibility with light microscopes by adhering and coating thin flagella.
Flagella Stain
45
A type of method where dye and tags absorb UV light and emit light of longer wavelength. This includes fluorescent dyes and tags.
Fluorescent Dyes and Tags
46
A group of dyes that bind to compound the of cells, or compounds in specific cells.
Fluorescent Dyes
47
A type of stain where UV antibodies are used to tag specific molecules.
Fluorescent Tags
48
One of two most common bacteria shapes, spherical, some are slightly oval and flat on one end.
Coccus/ Cocci
49
A second of the two most common bacteria shapes are cylindrical, often called ?
Rod / **Bacillus**
50
A type of cell that is a short rod shape and curbed.
**Vibrio** / Vibros
51
Along spiral-shaped cell with flexible cell walls.
Spirillum/Spirilla
52
A type of cell that is spiral shaped with flexible cell walls and contains a unique mechanism of mortality.
Spirochete
53
A type of cell that is a short rod that is often confused with coccus shapes.
Coccobacillus
54
A type of bacteria shape with characteristics that vary in shape. “Many” + “shapes”.
Pleomorphic
55
A process in which one cell devides into two, such as prokaryotes.
Binary Fission
56
A **grouping** of cells that stick together.
Characteristic Groupings
57
A type of **grouping** where varying lengths of cells in one plane.
Chain
58
A type of bacteria **grouping** that occurs as pairs of cocci.
Diplococci
59
A type of **packets** where bacteria grouping where cells divide into multiple planes or “perpendicular planes”.
Cubical Packets
60
A type of **association** where group of cells that make them a pack, such as moving or degrading nutrients as a pact.
Multicellular Associations
61
A type of multicellular **association** where cells pack together to form a structure.
Fruiting Body
62
A type of multicellular association where bacteria live in polymer-encased communities.
Biofilms
63
These types of cells contain a cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, and if present a capsule.
Prokaryotic Cells
64
Within cells a membrane surrounds bacterial cell and includes cytoplasmic member, cell wall and if, a capsule.
Cell Envelope
65
Inside cells a thick substance filled with nutrients, ribosomes and enzymes is found, known.
Cytoplasm
66
Within the cytoplasm of a cell, this substance is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Crystal
67
Within the cell, a region that is gel-like contains the cytoplasm where chromosomes are found.
Nucleotide
68
In a cell, this structure is thin, delicate and srrounds the cytoplasm and defines the boundary of the cell, crucially permeable between outside environment.
Cytoplasmic Membrane
69
This type of cell membrane is typically found in other cells and is made up of a phospholipid belayer embedded with proteins.
Prokaryotic Cytoplasmic membrane
70
A structure found outside the cell wall and composed of protein subunits that form helical chains, such as flagella and pli.
Filamentous appendages
71
A type of filamentous appendage that provides most common mechanism of motility.
Flagella
72
A type of filamentous appendage that has variosu functions such as fimbriae, which allows cellls to stick to one another, twitching or gility motality, sex pili help in dna transfer.
Pili
73
Two types of structures found outside the cell wall that are made of polysaccharide, such as capsules and slime layers.
Capsules and slime layers
74
This type of layer outside the cell wall is distinct gel that allows bacterias to stick to speific surfaces, also acts as defense mechnism for imunity.
Capsule
75
This type of layer outside the cell wall is difuse and irrigular, allows bacteria to stick to specific surfaces.
Slime Layer
76
The cell wall contains a substance that is found in the cell wall and provides rigidity of bacterial cell walls, prevening lysing, and comes in gram-postive and gram-negative forms.
peptdoglycan
77
In the cell wall and is a thick layer of peptidoglycycan that contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acids.
Gram-Positive
78
In the cell wall and is a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrrae called lipopolysaccharide.
Gram-Negative
79
A type of membrane located in the surroundings of cell, and is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, surrounds cytoplasm, protects and transmits information from inside to outside cell wall.
Cytoplasmic Membrane
80
An internal component that carries genetic data of cell... this genetic data is called?
DNA
81
An internal component, type of DNA that carries DNA required by cell, typically single, circular, double-sttranded DNA molecule.
Chromosome
82
An internal component, type of DNA that carries only geneticic data that is advantagous to cell in response.
Plasmid
83
An internal component that makes cells dormant, resistant to heat, desiccation, UV and toxic chemicals.
Endospore
84
An internal component that functions as a protien framework, involved in cell diviion and shape of cell.
Cytoskeleton
85
An internal component that provides buoyancy to a cell, the structure is small and rigid.
Gas Vesticles
86
An internal compounent where accumulations of high-moleculular-weight polymers, synthesized from nutrient available in realitive excess.
Granules
87
An internal compounent involved in protient synthisis. Two subunits 30S and 50S form 70S ribosome.
Ribosomes
88
A model where membrane protiens behave by contstatly drift laterally in the phosolipid bilayer.
Fluid mosaic model
89
In cytoplasmic membranes certain subsnaces are able to cross the memberane.
Selectivly Permeable
90
A type of membrane that allows watter passages, pore-forming memberane protiens.
Aquaporins
91
Where molecules move from a region of high concentration to low, until equilibrium reached.
Simple Diffisuon
92
A type of difiusion of water across selectivly permable membranes.
Osmosis
93
“less”-tonic
Hypotonic
94
“more”-tonic
Hpotonic
95
“the same”-tonic
Isotonic
96
A process where series of protein complexes exchange electrons and protons in and out of the cell.
Electron Transport Chain
97
The seperation of protons and hydroxide ions create electrochemical gradients across the cell memberane, energy storage.
Proton Motive Force
98
A type of mechanisms that regulates ntrients and small molecules to enter the cell
Transport Systems
99
A form of passive transport using protients to move substances that cannot difuse through lipid bilayers.
Facilitated Diffisuion
100
Are facilated diffusions used in prokarayotes ? Rarely or Often?
Rarely
101
Engery is used to accumulate molecules agains a concentration gradient.
Active Transport
102
A type of active transport that use a specific assistance where ptotons are allowed into a cell and another substance is brought along or expelled.
Proton Motive Force
103
A type of active transporter that uses ATP as engery, binding protiens deliver a molecule to the transporter.
ABC transporters
104
In this type of transport mechnisim, the transported molecule is chemically alterted as it passes into the cell.
Group Translocation
105
A process where cells activly move certain protiens they synthesis out of the cell and into the surrounding enviorment.
Protein Secretion
106
A type of sequence that functions as a tag that directs the section machinery to move the protient ocrross the membrane.
Signal Sequence
107
A type of negativley charged chain of common subunit to which sugars and d\_alinine are typically attached.
Teichoic Acids
108
A type of cell wall that contains only a think layer of peptidoglycan.
Gram-Negative Cell
109
A type of cell wall with unique lipid bilayers embedded with protiens, joined to peptidoglycan by lipoprotiens.
Outer Membrane
110
A type of bacteria that is unique due to the outside layer made up of a molecule called lipopolysacharide (LPS).
Gram-Negative Bacteria
111
Important molecule, when injected, gives symptoms of infections by live bacteria.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
112
A toxin present inside a bacterial cell that is relased when it disintegrates.
Endotoxin
113
In an LPS molecule, part of this molecule contains a substance that anchors to LPS in lipidbilayer and is part of the body recoginizes as sign of invasion by gram-neg bacteria.
Lipid A
114
In an LPS molecule, a portion of this molecule directed away from the memberane at the end oppisite of lipid A. Made of sugar molecules, varies among speicies between species or strains.
O-Antigon
115
In a Gram-Neg bacteria, this type of membrane allows regulation of substances that cuase harm, such as antimicrobrail drugs.
Porins
116
A type of substance space filled with gel-like substance between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane.
Periplasm
117
Studied antibiotics that enterfers with peptioglycan synthesis.
Penicillin
118
A type of enzyme found in tears, saliva, body fluids that breaks bonds that link alernatiing sub untis of glycan chain, destroyin g structural integrity of peptidoglycan molecules.
Lysozyme
119
This type of cell wall retains the gram dye due to cell was preventing crystal violet
Gram-Positive Cells
120
This type of cell wall loses the gram dye quite easily.
Gram-Negative Cells
121
A type of bacteria that causes mild form of pneumonia, flexible and are unaffected by penicillin nor lysozyme, do these bacteria lack or have a cell wall?
Lack
122
The cell walls of Archaea do/not? contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall?
Not
123
A distinct gell layer outsid ethe cell wall. Vary in chemical compisition depending on spcieices. Most composed of polysaccharidies reffered as glycocalyx. Few consist of polypeptides, made up of rpeating subunits of amino acids.
Capsule
124
A type of diffuse and irrigular layer outside the cell wall. Vary in chemical compisition depending on spcieices. Most composed of polysaccharidies reffered as glycocalyx.
Slime Layer
125
A long protien structure responsoble for most types of prokaryotic motality.
Flagella
126
The response when bacteria sense the presence of chemicals and respond by moving in a certain direction.
Chemotaxis
127
A structure that is shorter and thinner than flagella.
Pili/Pilus
128
A type of Pilus that llows cells to attach to specific sufraces.
Fimbriae
129
A type of pilus is used to join one bacerium to another for specific type of DNA trnasfers.
Sex Pilus
130
In prokaryotic, this component is a single, circular and double stranded DNA molecule that contains Genetic DATA and required by a cellar and is required by a cell or helpful.
Chromosomes
131
In prokaryotic cells, this component is chromosome that is twisted and folded tightly packed mass with cytoplasm, creates a gel-like region.
Nucleoid
132
These structures are similar to the chromosome but are smaller and typically don’t encode essential genetic data.
Plasmids
133
This structure is involved in protien synthsis, where it facilitates the joining of amino acids.
Ribosomes
134
A processe where endospores survive treaments of sterilization may exisit the dormant stage and become a vegetatitive cell.
Germinate
135
A type of cell that is activley growing rather than forming spores.
Vegetative Cell
136
A sequences of changes, begins by sense of starvation, cell stops growing, septum forms, larger compartments engolfued into smaller comparetments, forms a forsepore and the mother cell is degraded, releasing endospore.
Sporulation
137
This can by triggered by a brief exposure to heat or chemicals, endospores obsorbs water and swells, lysis, vegetative cell grows out, core walls become peptidoglycan layers of the vetitive cell.
Germination
138
see organelles.
membrane-enclosed compartments
139
The interior of another organells that buds of sections forming membrane-bound vesicles. ???
Lumen
140
A type of system found in multicellular organisms that form groups of cells that function cooperatively.
Tissue
141
A type of system found in multicellular organisms that forms tissues that create a system.
Organs
142
A type of protein found on the membrane, they face the outside and some function as transports, cell integrity. Etc.
Receptors
143
A type receptor (protein found on outside of membrane) that binds to a specific molecule.
Ligand
144
The process where receptors that are ligands (talk with specific molecules) commentate.
Signaling
145
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, this type of membrane is asymmetrical phospholipid bilayer embedded with protiens. Permeability barrier, transport and cell-to-cell communication.
Cytoplasmic Membrane
146
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, this type of internal protein structure contains microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, beats in synchrony for movement.
Cilia
147
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, this internal protein structure is a dynamic filamentous network that provides structure to the cell.
Cytoskeleton
148
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, this internal protein structure contains microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement and propels or pushes the cell with a wipe-like or thrashing motion.
Flagella
149
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, this internal protein structure is composed of 60S+40S which join and form 80S ribosome.
Ribosomes
150
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles are the sites of photosynthesis where sunlight energy generates ATP which converts CO2 to carbohydrates.
Chloroplasts
151
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles are the sites of synthesis of macromolecules, designated for other organelles or the external environment.
Endoplasmic reticulum
152
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, in the endoplasmic reticulum, this structure is attached to ribosomes. thread protiens, they are synthesized into lumen of the organelle.
Rough
153
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, in the endoplasmic reticulum, are sites of lipid synthesis and degradation and calcium ion storage.
Smooth
154
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, this site is where macromolecules are destined for other organelles or the external enviorment.
Golgi apparatus
155
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles contain sites that are the digestion of macromolecules.
Lysosomes
156
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, are sites that harvest energy released durring the degradation of organic compounds to generate ATP.
Mitochondria
157
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, this site contains genetic data (DNA).
Nucleus
158
In a typical eukaryotic cell structure, the membrane-bound organelles, this site is where oxidation of lipids and toxic chemicals occurs.
Peroxisome
159
In general characteristics, Prokaryotic cells are _____ µm and eukaryotic cells are \_\_\_\_\_µm in diameter.
0.3-2µm, 5-50µm
160
In general characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, both types of cells replicate by chromosomes, prokaryotic cells are followed by \_\_\_\_\_, however eukaryotic cells differ by _____ + \_\_\_\_\_.
Binary fission, mitosis, division
161
In general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, A prokaryotic cell contains chromosomes in the \_\_\_\_\_, eukaryotic cells differ by being complex... thus stores chromosomes in the membered-bound \_\_\_\_\_.
Nucleoid, nucleus
162
The structures of walls in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells contain \_\_\_\_\_, while E.cells are _____ of this substance.
Peptidoglycocan, absent
163
The structures of chromosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells contain _____ strand, which is common, while E.cells are found-in ______ strand, wrapped in histones.
Singular, multiple
164
The structures of flagella in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells flagella are attached to the \_\_\_\_\_, while E.cells are covered by the ext. of _____ membrane.
Envelope, cytoplasmic
165
The structures of flagella in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells flagella are composed of _____ units, while E.cells are made up of ______ units.
Protein, microtubules
166
The structures of nucleus in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells are \_\_\_\_\_, while E.cells are \_\_\_\_\_.
Absent, present
167
The structures of ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells contain \_\_\_\_\_S ribosomes, subunits are \_\_\_\_\_S + \_\_\_\_\_S, while E.cells contain \_\_\_\_\_S ribosomes, the subunits are \_\_\_\_\_S + \_\_\_\_\_S .
[70S = 50S+30S], [80S = 60S+40S]
168
The structures of ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, E.cells contain _____ ribosomes in both their mitochondria and chloroplast, a number not to be confused with E.Cells ribosomes 70S ribosomes.
70S
169
The structures of chromosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells contain _____ strand, which is common, while E.cells are found-in ______ strand, wrapped in histones.
Singular, multiple
170
The structures function of degradation of extracellular substances in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ because, P.cells degrade macromolecules \_\_\_\_\_-side the cell by enzyme process, while E.cells degrade macromolecules \_\_\_\_\_-side cell by endocytosis process.
Outside/inside
171
The structures function of motility in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ, although both contain _____ but are differently structured, P.cells do not contain _____ , as result it rotates like a propellers, unlike the moving synchrony that results like a whip-like action, propelling E.cells.
Propellers, cilia
172
The structures function of protein secretion in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ, in _____ cells secretion systems transport proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane, but that’s not the case with E.cells. Protiens are transported by lumen-\>ER-\> Golgi A. -\> Vesicles (exocytosis).
P.cells, E.cells
173
The structures functions of strength and rigidity in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ, P.cells contain _____ cell wall, while E.cells contain _____ cell membrane, cytoskeleton, filaments and microfilaments, and in some, cell wall or sterols.
Peptidoglycan, Microtubules
174
The structures functions of transport in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ, while both contain active transport, P.cells are _____ active and in E.cells are different, they also contain ______ diffusion.
Primary, facilitated
175
These types of _____ proteins functions as aquaporins, channels or carriers.
Transport
176
This type of protein facilitates water passage.
Aquaporins
177
This type of protiens forms small pores in the membrane, control passage of small molecules or ions. Also contains a gate that is responsive.
Channels
178
This type of protein it facilitates diffusion and active transport, highly common in prokaryotic cells.
Carriers
179
A process where eukaryotic cells intake materials by creating folds in their membranes (eating), transport proteins are too small for this type of transport.
Endocytosis
180
A process similar to endocytosis, however materials are smaller like liquid
Pinocytes
