CH 26 Flashcards
A meningitis disease associated with meningitis epidemics. Small hemorrhages in the skin, deafness, and coma can occur. Shock results from the release of endotoxin into the bloodstream.
Meningococcal meningitis
The causative strain in Meningococcal meningitis, ______ is a Gram-negative diplococcus. It causes epidemics.
Neisseria meningitidis
The symptoms of Neisseria meningitidis cause small _____ in the skin, deafness, and coma can occur. Shock results from the release of endotoxin into the bloodstream.
hemorrhages
In Neisseria meningitidis ,
Is acquiring occurs through contact with a case or carrier and _____ of infectious droplets.
inhalation
In Neisseria meningitidis ,
crowding and _____ predispose to the disease.
fatigue
This type of meningitis is associated with food-borne illness, such as non-pasteurized milk, cold cuts, and soft cheeses, and can grow in refrigerated foods.
Listeriosis
Listeriosis causative agent readily penetrates the ______ mucus membranes, enter the bloodstream, and infect the meninges.
gastrointestinal
Listeria monocytogenes signs and symptoms include Fever and muscle aches; headache and stiff neck mark the onset of ______.
meningitis
Listeriosis is caused by ______ ______, a non- spore-forming, Gram-positive rod usually
Listeria monocytogenes
Listeria monocytogenes, a non-spore-forming Gram-positive rod able to grow at _____°C
4°C
Listeria monocytogenes may cause Pregnant women may result in fetal infection or _____.
miscarriage
An infection from a virus that may cause paralysis and is easily preventable by the polio vaccine.
Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis destroys neurons leads that lead to paralysis;
Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis is caused by _______.
Polioviruses
In poliomyelitis, this is a type of syndrome occurs years later after poliomyelitis. It is the final stage of the disease, causing death.
Post-polio syndrome
The Polioviruses travels through _____ transmission, but infection rarely leads to disease;
fecal-oral
The Polioviruses has been eliminated in most parts of the world and is targeted now for ______.
eradication
The Polioviruses destroys _____ nerve cells on the brain and spinal cords.
motor
A type of widespread zoonosis, transmitted to humans mainly through the bite of an infected animal.
Rabies
In Rabies, after symptoms appear, the disease is almost always _____.
fatal
In Rabies, the causative agent is the Rabies virus, a ssRNA from the _____ family that has an unusual bullet shape
rhabdovirus
In Rabies, during the incubation period, the virus multiplies at the site of the bite, then travels via _____ to the central nervous system.
nerves
In Rabies, it then multiplies and spreads _____ via multiple nerves to infect heart and other organs.
outward
This is a major health problem in a wide area across equatorial Africa. In its late stages, it is marked by indifference, sleepiness, coma, and death.
African sleeping sickness
The disease is caused by ______ ______, a flagellated protozoan transmitted by its biological vector, the tsetse fly.
Trypanosoma brucei
In Trypanosoma brucei, during infection, the organism shows bursts of growth, each appearing with different surface _____.
proteins
In Trypanosoma brucei, the bites of infected tsetse flies transmit the _____ through fly saliva;
trypanosomes
This disease is characterized by invasion of peripheral nerves, which has not been cultivated in vitro.
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
Hansen’s Disease is also known as Leprosy.
Hansen’s Disease
Hansen’s Disease occurs in two main forms, ______ and lepromatous, depending on the immune status of the individual.
tuberculoid
Hansen’s Disease is caused by ______ _____, an acid-fast rod that has not been grown in the absence of living cells
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium leprae Infects _____ nerves, causing the immune system to attack them.
peripheral
Mycobacterium leprae is spread by _____ contact with from mucous membrane secretions.
direct
A disease caused the protozoan, which reproduces in the intestinal epithelium of cats but can infect many other animals, including humans.
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is caused by a protozoan called ______ ______.
Toxoplasma gondii
People contract Toxoplasma gondii by ingesting _____ discharged in the feces of infected cats or inadequately cooked meat containing tissue cysts.
oocytes
Toxoplasma gondii is asymptomatic among healthy people but may cause encephalitis, brain masses, and other _____ system problems.
nervous
Toxoplasma gondii Infection of the fetus, results in miscarriage, stillbirth, or serious birth _____ in the newborn.
defects
A type of botulism caused by a toxin commonly occurs when inadequate canning practices fail to destroy all endospores, and those surviving germinate to form vegetative cells that then grow in the food.
food-borne botulism
A type of botulism that occurs when endospores are ingested and then germinate to form vegetative cells that colonize the intestine.
Intestinal botulism
A type of botulism, that is exactly like Intestinal botulism but in children and most common in the US.
infant botulism
A type of botulism, where endospores contaminate a wound, often the result of injection-drug abuse, and then germinate; vegetative cells multiply.
wound botulism
Botulinum toxin causes _____ paralysis and respiratory insufficiency
generalized
A form of Encephalitis. It is transmitted in the United States by mosquitoes.
Viral Encephalitis
Viral encephalitis has a _____ case-fatality rate and often leaves survivors with permanent disabilities.
high
In Viral Encephalitis, the _____ is the most important cause of sporadic encephalitis
HSV
in Viral Encephalitis, the _____ usually causes the epidemics.
arboviruses
In Viral Encephalitis, that is caused by the ______ _____ _____. Its causes the West Nile fever.
West Nile Virus
In Viral Encephalitis, they are transmitted to humans from birds or ______ by mosquitoes.
rodents
Swimming or diving in water containing the organism transmits this rare but deadly disease called _____. It destroys brain tissue.
PAM (Primary amebic meningoencephalitis)
Pam travels to brain via _____ neurons where it damages tissue, no vaccine or effective treatment.
olfactory
PAM (Primary amebic meningoencephalitis) is caused by _____ _____, the “Brain-eating amoeba”.
Naegleria fowleri
A type of meningoencephalitis, _____ _____ is caused by inhalation of fungal cells that are carried by phagocytic cells to the brain; can be an early sign of AIDS, but also seen in healthy individuals where C. gattii is found.
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
In Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis,
Infection begins in the lung after a person inhales ______ of Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii , encapsulated yeasts.
spores
In Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, phagocytosi.
Cryptococcus neoformans infects ______ individuals.
immunocompromised
In Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, ______ can cause disease in healthy people.
Cryptococcus gattii
abnormal proteins that are resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants—cause the spongiform encephalopathies, rare diseases characterized by a sponge-like appearance of brain tissue caused by loss of nerve cells. They afflict a variety of wild and domestic animals as well as humans.
Prions
An infection of encephalopathies, that includes “mad cow disease,” CJD, vCJD which can be transmitted to humans from infected meat. There is no treatment for these diseases, and they are invariably fatal.
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
A type of encephalitis that has a high case-fatality rate and often leaves survivors with permanent disabilities.
Viral encephalitis
A type of-meningitis that is generally a mild disease for which there is no specific treatment.
Viral meningitis
Epidemic viral encephalitis is usually caused by ______, a group of enveloped, ssRNA viruses transmitted by insects, mites, or ticks.
ARBO virus
(arthropod-borne viruses)
These guys developed an effective vaccine to control this terrifying disease. They were bitter rivals who both expected, but neither of whom received, a Nobel Prize for his work.
Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin
The most common cause of meningitis in adults called _____ _____. Symptoms are similar to other forms of meningitis: cold symptoms followed by abrupt onset of fever, severe headache, pain and stiffness of the neck and back, nausea, and vomiting.
Pneumococcal Meningitis
This Meningitis was the leading cause of childhood bacterial meningitis, is largely sporadic and mostly controlled by a vaccine.
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis
Newborns most often acquire this type of meningitis, causing bacteria from the mother’s genital tract shortly before or during birth. Infants who survive often face long-lasting consequences of their infection.
Neonatal Meningitis
This is caused by L. monocytogenes, associated with foodborne illness. The bacterium is widespread, commonly contaminates foods such as no pasteurized milk, cold cuts, and soft cheeses, and can grow in refrigerated foods.
Listeriosis
A meningitis disease associated with meningitis epidemics. Small hemorrhages in the skin, deafness, and coma can occur. Shock results from the release of endotoxin into the bloodstream.
Meningococcal meningitis
The causative strain in Meningococcal meningitis, ______ is a Gram-negative diplococcus. It causes epidemics.
Neisseria meningitidis
The symptoms of Neisseria meningitidis cause small _____ in the skin, deafness, and coma can occur. Shock results from the release of endotoxin into the bloodstream.
hemorrhages
In Neisseria meningitidis, acquiring occurs through contact with a case or carrier and _____ of infectious droplets.
inhalation
