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Microbiology 1113 > CH 2 > Flashcards

CH 2 Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Def

A

Word

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3
Q

The chemical process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into assimilated organic compounds.

A

Nitrogen Fixation

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4
Q

Unique substances that have unique chemical properties and unbreakable by ordinary chemical means.

A

Elements

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5
Q

Mnemonics for remembering the six primary elements in living organisms contain.

A

HONCPS

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6
Q

Basic unit of matter and element, and contain PNE.

A

Atom

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7
Q

A mnemonics for Proton, Neutron and Electron.

A

PNE

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8
Q

Particles that are positively charged.

A

Proton

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9
Q

Particles that are uncharged (neutral).

A

Neutron

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10
Q

Particles that are negatively charged.

A

Electron

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11
Q

A dense structure of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons that form a “cloud”.

A

Nucleus of an Atom

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12
Q

The sum of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

A

Atomic Number

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13
Q

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

A

Mass Number

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14
Q

A form of an element with different numbers of neutrons than protons and electrons. Isotopes behave differently.

A

Isotope

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15
Q

Specific regions that contain atoms and is associated with energy levels.

A

Shells

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16
Q

A rule of thumb that reflects a stable element forming 8 electrons, except hydrogen.

A

Octet Rule

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17
Q

An atoms most outer shell of electrons. May determine chemically reactivity identity.

A

Valence Electrons

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18
Q

Atoms with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of electron/s.

A

Ion

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19
Q

A negativity charged ion due to the gain of an electron(s).

A

Anions

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20
Q

A positively charged ion due to the loss of an electron(s).

A

Cation

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21
Q

A type of bond were two or more atoms share, donate or accept electrons.

A

Chemical Bond

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22
Q

A type of chemical bonding with two oppositely charged ions, resulting as a product of salt

A

Ionic Bonds

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23
Q

A salt that dissolves in water and conduct electricity.

A

Electrolytes

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24
Q

A type of chemically bonding with atoms share paris of valence electrons. (Typically nonMetals+nonMetals).

A

Covalent Bonding

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25
Q

A group of atoms joined by covalent bonds.

A

Molecule

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26
Q

A group of different atoms joined together by covalent bonds.

A

Compound

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27
Q

A group of atoms joined together by ionic bonds.

A

Ionic Compound

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28
Q

Molecules that contain at minimum one carbon and hydrogen.

A

Organic Compounds

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29
Q

Molecules that do not contain a carbon and hydrogen

A

Inorganic Compounds

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30
Q

A type of chemical bond where electron are shared equally or unequally between atoms.

A

Covalent Bond

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31
Q

A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared-equally by atoms and are typicall

A

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

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32
Q

A type of chemical bond where electrons are unequally-shared by atoms and are typically asymmetrical.

A

Polar Covalent Bond

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33
Q

A type of week bond formed between hydrogen atoms in identical polar molecules or other polar molecules.

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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34
Q

A quantitative unit that is 6.022 X 10^23 particles and analogues for a dozen of eggs.

A

Mole

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35
Q

moles of solute / liters of solution.

A

Molarity

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36
Q

A process where electrons transfer, often breaking and making bonds.

A

Chemical Reactions

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37
Q

A substance that is changed into products in the course of a reaction.

A

Reactant

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38
Q

A substance that is result from change of reactants in the course of a reaction.

A

Products

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39
Q

A type of reaction where multiple reactants form a complex product.

A

Synthesis Reactions

A+B=>AB

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40
Q

A type of reaction where multiple reactants separate into multiple products.

A

Decomposition Reaction

AB=> A + B

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41
Q

A type of substance produced by living organisms which act as cfatalysts.

A

Enzymes

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42
Q

A substance with charges that is able to dissolve in water.

A

Hydrophilic

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43
Q

A substance that does not dissolve in water.

A

Hydrophobic

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44
Q

A measurement unit of acidity, measured on logarithmic scale from 0-14, lowest numbers represent more acidic solutions.

A

pH

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45
Q

A type of chemical that stables pH of solutions and maintains relative constant pH.

A

Buffers

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46
Q

A large organic molecule most are polymers formed by monomers.

A

Macromolecules

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47
Q

A macromolecule that has the subunit of monosaccharides, functions as structural parts of cell walls and stores products.

A

Carbohydrate

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48
Q

A macromolecule that has the function of energy source, storage, source of carbon for bio synthetic products, component of genetic material, structural components of cell walls.

A

Carbohydrate

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49
Q

A macromolecule that has a varying subunit and is a part to of the cell membrane.

A

Lipid

50
Q

A macromolecule that has the subunit of amino acids and functions as enzyme catalysts and is structural portion of many cell parts.

A

Proteins

51
Q

A substance produced by a organism has the capability to catalysis, transport, signal reception, regulation, mortality, support.

A

Enzyme

52
Q

A macromolecule that has the subunit of nucleotides. DNA function is to carry genetic data and RNA plays various roles in protein synthesis.

A

Nuclei Acids

53
Q

A substance that contains the same molecular formula but different structures.

A

Structural Isomers

54
Q

Sugar in RNA.

A

Ribose

55
Q

Sugar in DNA.

A

Deoxyribose

56
Q

Subunit of disaccharides.

A

Glucose

57
Q

Sugar in milk.

A

Galactose

58
Q

Fruit sugar.

A

Fructose

59
Q

Sugar found on some microbes surfaces.

A

Mannose

60
Q

Milk sugar.

A

Lactose

61
Q

Starch.

A

Maltose

62
Q

Table sugar.

A

Sucrose

63
Q

A polysaccharides, gel substance obtained by certain red seaweeds.

A

Agar

64
Q

Polymer of glucose, plant cell walls.

A

Cellulose

65
Q

Exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.

A

Chitin

66
Q

Polymer of Glucose, storage product some bacterial cells.

A

Dextran

67
Q

Polymer of Glucose, storage product in plants.

A

Glycogen

68
Q

The joining of macromolecules with subunits by cells synthesis. A type of chemical reaction removes the equivalence of water.

A

Dehydration Synthesis

69
Q

A type of structural framework of many cells is comprised of proteins.

A

cytoskeleton

70
Q

The break down of macromolecules into subunits by cells synthesis. A type of chemical reaction adds the equivalence of water.

A

Hydrolysis Synthesis

71
Q

The arrangement of carbon molecules in an organic compound.

A

Carbon Skeleton

72
Q

Distinctive chemical arrangements.

A

Functional Groups

73
Q

Two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds.

A

Disaccharides

74
Q

Many large chains of monosaccharides that form a large complex of carbohydrates.

A

Polysaccharides

75
Q

A type of macromolecules that play the important roles of cell wall, membrane, energy source and storage, genetic material and last, carbon source for biosynthesis

A

Carbohydrates

76
Q

A group of molecules that are hydrophilic, non-polar and diverse.

A

Lipids

77
Q

A lipid that contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Most common in nature are triglycerides.

A

Simple Lipid

78
Q

A fat or oil that contains three fatty acids linked to a 3-carbon glycerol molecule.

A

Triglycerides

79
Q

Fatty acids that contain no double bonds.

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

80
Q

Fatty acids that contain one ore more double bonds.

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

81
Q

Fatty acids that contain one double bond.

A

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

82
Q

Fatty acids that contain multiple double bonds.

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

83
Q

Hydrogen atoms attached to the double-bonded carbon molecules are on the same side.

A

Cis-Fatty Acids

84
Q

Fatty acids that contain hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond.

A

Trans-Fatty Acids

85
Q

A type of lipid that contains fatty acids and glycerol, plus elements other than carbon.

A

Common Lipids

86
Q

A phosphate group have a polar phosphate head that is hydrophilic and a non-polar tails that are hydrophobic.

A

Phospholipids

87
Q

A type of lipid the contains four connected rings, insoluble in water.

A

Steroids

88
Q

Are the building blocks of protein and exist in 20 different forms.

A

Amino Acids

89
Q

A type of bond that joins together amino acid groups in linear chain by covalent bonds between the amino acids and the carboxylic acids.

A

Peptide Bonds

90
Q

A folding pattern in a protein that contains pleated sheets or helix folding.

A

Primary Structure

91
Q

A folding pattern in a protein that contains a-helix and b-pleated sheet.

A

Secondary Structure

92
Q

A folding pattern that defines shape and interactions with R-groups that lay over secondary structures of helixes and sheets.

A

Tertiary Structure

93
Q

A folding pattern in a protein that serve real polypeptide chains interacting to form a protein.

A

Quaternary Structure

94
Q

Long chains (sequence) of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

A

Polypeptide

95
Q

Amino acids are affected within a protein causing lose of shape, typically by temp, pH and solvents.

A

Denature

96
Q

A form of storage of cells data.

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

97
Q

A unit measurement, monomer (subunit) and is composed of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nucleobase.

A

Nucleotide

98
Q

If a nucleotide sequence of DNA changes, what are the two possible results of protein folding sequence of a protein?

A

polypeptide and amino acid

99
Q

These units in DNA are the backbone of each strand of the double stranded helical structure.

A

sugar and phosphate

100
Q

In a double-stranded DNA, the two strands are linked by what type of bonds between the nucleases?

A

hydrogen

101
Q

Which of the following pairs confirm the base pairing rules?

A

A-T, G-C.

102
Q

The main differences between RNA and DNA are that RNA has a sugar _____ and has a nuclease _____ instead of thiamine.

A

ribose, uracil

103
Q

Most macromolecules that are polymers are composed of a subunit called?

A

monomers

104
Q

The basic unit of a carbohydrate consist of five or six carbon atoms and form a ring, what are they called?

A

surges or monosaccharides

105
Q

A large complex carbohydrate composed of long chains of monosaccharide subunits or their derivatives.

A

polysaccharide

106
Q

What is the substance that makes transporters, which are responsible for moving molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

protein

107
Q

The chemical bond between the carbon and nitrogen of these two amino acids is specifically referred as a _____ bond.

A

peptide

108
Q

RNA contains _____ instead of thiamine and _____ instead of deoxyribose.

A

Uracil, ribose

109
Q

This substance is the basic building block for carbohydrates, generally occurring as a ring-shaped structure.

A

monosaccharide

110
Q

Because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than hydrogen in a water molecule, is water polar or non polar?

A

polar

111
Q

What type of bonds do electronegative atoms like oxygen and nitrogen likely make in biological systems?

A

hydrogen bonds

112
Q

Short double-stranded DNA come apart at lower temperatures, because of what type of bonds?

A

hydrogen bonds

113
Q

This source of energy includes ribose, adenine and three phosphate groups. High energy is released via hydrolysis of phosphate bonds.

A

ATP

114
Q

This type of base found in nucleic acids contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, thiamine and uracil.

A

Nucleobases

115
Q

A nucleotide that consists of deoxyribose, adenine, cytosine, guanine and thiamine.

A

DNA Nucleotides

116
Q

The class of molecules that encode the genetic information of the cell.

A

Nucleic Acids

117
Q

What is the maximum capacity the first shell can hold?

A

2 electrons

118
Q

What is the study of matter called?

A

Chemistry

119
Q

What abundant molecule makes half the mass of living organisms?

A

Water

120
Q

When a disaccharides made up of two monosaccharides joins together, what type of bond does it form?

A

covalent

121
Q

Cell walls of plans, fungi, and bacteria are made of?

A

carbohydrates

122
Q
A

Microbiology 1113 (16 decks)

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