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Microbiology 1113 > CH 6 > Flashcards

CH 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell.

A

metabolism

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2
Q

The processes in metabolism that are the breakdown of complex molecules in organisms that form similar ones with the release energy.

A

Catabolism

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3
Q

The processes in metabolism of synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones with the storage of energy.

A

Anabolism (biosynthesis)

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4
Q

A unit that is defined as the capacity to do work, exists as potential and kinetic energy.

A

Energy

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5
Q

The processes in metabolism where organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water.

A

Photosynthetic

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6
Q

The processes in metabolism where a type of organism oxidize the chemical bonds in compounds to use as energy source. These compounds include sugars, fats and proteins.

A

Chemoorganotrophs

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7
Q

The processes in metabolism, where the metabolic or chemical processes are accompanied by the release of energy.

A

exergonic

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8
Q

The processes in metabolism where the metabolic or chemical are accompanied by or require the absorption of energy.

The products being of greater free energy than the reactants.

A

endergonic

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9
Q

A sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound or class of compounds in a living organism.

A

metabolic pathway

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10
Q

A substance that is produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

A

enzyme

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11
Q

A substance or layer that is acted upon by an enzyme.

A

substrate

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12
Q

The minimum quantity of energy that reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.

A

activation energy

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13
Q

A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. The breakage of one phosphate linkage forms ADP, which provides energy for physiological processes.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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14
Q

A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to two phosphate groups, this compound often is interconverted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and monophosphate (AMP).

A

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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15
Q

In the formation of energy for Chemoorganotroph, this substrate-level releases energy in an exergonic reaction and used to power the addition of Pi to ADP.

substrate-level _____.

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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16
Q

In the formation of ATP in Chemoorganotroph, this process forms ATP as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by a series of electron carriers.

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

The energy of the sunlight is used in ______ of ADP to form ATP.

A

photophosphorylation

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18
Q

The chemical that serves as the electron donor.

A

energy source

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19
Q

A compound that receives or accepts an electron during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

_____ electron acceptor.

A

terminal electron acceptor

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20
Q

A type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer or electrons between two species.

_____-reduction reactions

A

oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions)

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21
Q

A reaction that undergoes or causes a reaction in which electrons are lost to another species.

A

oxidized

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22
Q

Types of molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to anther processes of electron transport.

A

electron carriers

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23
Q

The capability of compounds such as NADH and NADPH of donating hydrogen and electrons in reduction reactions in cells.

_____ power.

A

Reducing power

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24
Q

intermediates of catabolic pathways that are used in anabolic pathways, they serve as carbon skeletons from which subunits of macromolecules can be made.

_____ Metabolites

A

Precursor Metabolites

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25
Q

A type of metabolic pathway that links together carbohydrates, amino acids, fat acid and degradation and supplies procurers for various biosynthetic pathways.

_____ metabolic pathways

A

central metabolic pathways

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26
Q

In the central metabolic pathways, this pathway breakdown glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

A

Glycolysis

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27
Q

In the central metabolic pathways, this pathway is parallel to glycolysis, it generates NADPH and pentoses and as well as ribose 5-phosphate, the last one a precursor for synthesis of nucleotides.

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

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28
Q

In the central metabolic pathways, this pathway has the sequence of reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy.

_____ acid cycle (TCA cycle)

Two molecules of carbon dioxide are given off, one molecule of GTP is formed, three molecules of NAD+ are combined with hydrogen (NAD+ → NADH), One molecule of FAD combines with hydrogen (FAD → FADH2).

A

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

(TCA cycle)

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29
Q

In the central metabolic pathways, this pathway breaks sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy.

Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP)

_____ respiration

A

Cellular respiration

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30
Q

In the central metabolic pathways, this pathway has four stages. The steps are:

Glycolysis → Link reaction → Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain, or ETC

_____ cellular respiration

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

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31
Q

In the central metabolic pathways, this pathway is for cells that use sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time. This results in products of organic acids, gases or alcohol.

A

Fermentation

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32
Q

A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

_____ site

A

active site

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33
Q

a substance, other than the substrate whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme.

A

cofactor

34
Q

a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.

A

Coenzymes

35
Q

relating to or denoting the alteration of the activity of a protein through the binding of an effector molecule at a specific site.

A

allosteric

36
Q

A type of phenomenon where the output of a process is used as an input to control the behavior of the process itself, oftentimes limiting the production of more product.

A

feedback inhibition

37
Q

A form of enzyme inhibition where binding of an inhibitor prevents binding of the target molecule of the enzyme, also known as the substrate.

_____ inhibition

A

competitive inhibition

38
Q

A type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate.

_____ inhibition

A

Non-competitive inhibition

39
Q

The first five steps in the glycolysis produce glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also called energy investment.

A

preparatory phase

40
Q

the last five steps of glycolysis, which produce the final two pyruvate molecules product.

A

Pay-off phase

41
Q

Yield of Glycolysis, for every glucose molecule degraded, the steps of glycolysis produce?

  1. ______
  2. _____ power
  3. _____ metabolites.
A

ATP, Reducing Power and Precursor metabolites

42
Q

Yield of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.

  1. _____ power

2.

3.

A

Reducing power, Precursor metabolites

43
Q

A step where CO is removed, a redox reaction generates 2 NADH, and coenzyme A is added.

_____ step

A

Transition step

44
Q

Yield of the TCA Cycle, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle completes the oxidation of glucose

1.

  1. _____ power
  2. _____ metabolites.
A

ATP, Reducing Power, Precursor metabolites

45
Q

The theory suggests essentially that most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH2 formed from the breaking down of energy-rich molecules such as glucose.

_____ theory.

A

chemiosmotic theory

46
Q

electrons move from an electron donor (NADH or QH2) to a terminal electron acceptor (O2) via a series of redox reactions.

These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane

The Electron Transport Chain of _____.

A

The Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria

47
Q

In the Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria, this complex accepts electrons from NADH, ultimately transferring them to ubiquinone (also called coenzyme Q); in the process, four protons are moved across the membrane.

Complex # _____

A

Complex I

48
Q

In the Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria, this complex, this accepts electrons from the TCA cycle, when FADH2 is formed during the oxidation of succinate

Complex # _____

A

Complex II

49
Q

In the Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria, this complex, this accepts electrons from ubiquinone, which has carried them from either complex I or II. Complex III pumps four protons across the membrane before transferring the electrons to cytochrome c.

Complex # _____

A

Complex III

50
Q

In the Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria, this complex, this accepts electrons from cytochrome c and pumps two protons across the membrane. Complex IV is a terminal oxidoreductase, meaning it transfers the electrons to the terminal electron acceptor, which, in this case, is O2.

Complex​ # _____

A

Complex IV

51
Q

In this type of organism the electron transport chain (ETC) is situated in the mitochondrial membrane. This orginsim does not have organelles such as mitochondria, but they do have an ETC.

The Electron Transport Chains of _____.

A

The Electron Transport Chains of Prokaryotes

52
Q

is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen.

Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP.

_____ Respiration

A

Aerobic Respiration

53
Q

a type of respiration that does not use oxygen. It is used when there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration. It can be summarized by the following equation:

glucose → lactic acid (+ energy released)

_____ Respiration

A

Anaerobic Respiration

54
Q

The end products of fermentation, this product is produced when pyruvate itself serves as the terminal electron acceptor.

_____ acid

A

Lactic acid

55
Q

The end products of fermentation, this product is produced in a pathway that first removes CO2 from pyruvate, generating acetaldehyde, which then serves as the terminal electron acceptor.

A

Ethanol

56
Q

The end products of fermentation, this product and a variety of other end products are produced in a complex multistep pathway used by Clostridium species, which are obligate anaerobes. Under certain conditions, some organisms use a variation of this pathway to produce the organic solvents.

_____ acid

A

Butyric acid

57
Q

The end products of fermentation, this product is generated in a multistep pathway that first adds CO2 to pyruvate, generating a compound that then serves as a terminal electron acceptor. After NADH reduces this, it is further modified to form propionate.

_____ acid.

A

Propionic acid

58
Q

The end products of fermentation, this product is produced in a multistep branching pathway, generating a variety of different fermentation products including lactic acid, succinic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, and gases. Differentiate certain members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The methyl-red test detects the low pH resulting from the acidic end products.

_____ acids.

A

Mixed acids.

59
Q

The end products of fermentation, this product is produced in a multistep pathway that uses two molecules of pyruvate to generate acetoin and two molecules of CO2. Acetoin is then used as the terminal electron acceptor. This is another pathway used to differentiate members of the family Enterobacteria-ceae; the Voges-Proskauer test detects acetoin.

2,3-_____.

A

2,3-Butanediol.

60
Q

Prokaryotes as a group are unique in their ability to use reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) as sources of energy.

A

Chemolithotrophs

61
Q

Chemolithotrophs fall into four general groups, these bacteria oxidize hydrogen gas.

_____ Bacteria

A

Hydrogen Bacteria

62
Q

Chemolithotrophs fall into four general groups, these bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide.

_____ bacteria

A

Sulfur bacteria

63
Q

Chemolithotrophs fall into four general groups, these bacteria oxidize reduced forms of iron

_____ bacteria

A

Iron bacteria

64
Q

Chemolithotrophs fall into four general groups, these bacteria include two groups of bacteria: one oxidizes ammonia, and the other oxidizes nitrite. 


_____ bacteria

A

Nitrifying bacteria

65
Q

The harvest the radiant energy of sunlight, used to synthesis of organic compounds from CO2.

A

photosynthesis

66
Q

Photosynthetic processes that capture radiant energy and convert it to chemical energy in the form of ATP.

_____ reactions

A

light reactions

67
Q

Photosynthetic processes, pigments are located in protein complexes within photosynthetic membranes. They are in capturing and using the energy of light.

A

photosystems

68
Q

Photosynthetic processes, where this structure is found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.

A

Chlorophylls

69
Q

Photosynthetic processes, structures that are found in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. These pigments absorb wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophylls…

A

Bacteriochlorophylls

70
Q

Photosynthetic processes, structures that increase the efficiency of light capture by absorbing wavelengths not absorbed by the other pigments.

_____ pigments

A

Accessory pigments

71
Q

Photosynthetic processes, structures that are electron donors in the photosynthetic process.

_____-_____ pigments

A

Reaction-center pigments

72
Q

Photosynthetic processes, structures that make up a complex that acts as a funnel, capturing the energy of light and then transferring it to a reaction-center pigment.

_____ pigments

A

Antennae pigments

73
Q

Cyanobacteria and Photosynthetic Eukaryotic Cells, this transport chain produces a proton-motive force, pumping H+ ions across the membrane; this produces a concentration gradient that can be used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis.

cyclic _____

A

cyclic photophosphorylation

74
Q

Cyanobacteria and Photosynthetic Eukaryotic Cells, the two-stage process involving two different chlorophyll photosystems. Being a light reaction, non-cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in the frets or stroma lamellae.

non-cyclic _____

A

non-cyclic photophosphorylation

75
Q

is the conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms.

______ fixation

A

Carbon fixation

76
Q

is the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis.

_____ cycle

A

Calvin cycle

77
Q

In one of the stages of the Calvin cycle; Carbon dioxide is added to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate to start a new round of the cycle.

Stage #_____

A

Stage 1

78
Q

In one of the stages of the Calvin cycle; ATP and NADPH are used to reduce the product of stage 1, producing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can be used in biosynthesis.

Stage #_____

A

Stage 2

79
Q

In one of the stages of the Calvin cycle; Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate is regenerated so that the cycle can continue.

Stage #_____

A

Stage 3

80
Q
A
81
Q
A

Microbiology 1113 (16 decks)

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