ch 24 Flashcards
Diarrhea that occurs as a complication of taking antimicrobial medications.
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
Fluid produced by the liver that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.
Bile
Causes dental caries (tooth decay).
Cariogenic
Scarring of the liver that interferes with normal liver function.
Cirrhosis
A serious form of diarrhea characterized by blood, pus, and mucus in the feces.
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the stomach and intestines; the syndrome of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the gums.
Gingivitis
A severe condition characterized by red blood cell breakdown and kidney failure.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Inflammation of the liver.
Hepatitis
Tiny extensions from the surfaces of cells such as those lining the intestinal villi; they increase the surface area of the mucosa.
Microvilli
A treatment used to replace fluid and electrolytes lost due to diarrheal disease.
Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
Short finger-like projections from the intestinal mucosa that slow the movement of food and increase the surface area of the intestinal lumen.
Villi
a route, administered or occurring elsewhere in the body than the mouth and alimentary canal: parenteral nutrition. Often contrasted with enteral.
parenteral route
an inflamed blister in or near the mouth, caused by infection with the herpes simplex virus.
cold sores
a single-celled microscopic animal of a group of phyla of the kingdom Protista, such as an amoeba, flagellate, ciliate, or protozoan.
protozoan
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ Gastroenteritis, caused by many serotypes of salmonella bacterium, typically caused by animal fecal or poultry contaminating food or water.
salmonellosis
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of salmonellosis.
The two species of ๐๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐๐๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐, the S. enterica and S. bongori are both identified using ______ ______ method.
DNA sequence
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of salmonellosis.
The ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ strains are subdivided based ______, found on the soma, flagella, and capsule.
antigens
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Salmonellosis.
In naming, due to the antigens, the serotype is often included and replaced by the ______ name.
Ex: ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ (๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐) ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ง
subspecies
Causative Agent of salmonellosis.
Most cases of salmonellosis are caused by food infected with ______, which often infects cattle and poultry, though other animals such as domestic cat and hamsters
๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
It is a Gram (-) rod and the most studied member of the ______ genus.
๐๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐๐๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐โ
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
It is caused by Ingestion of food contaminated by animal feces, especially _____.
poultry
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Medication increase susceptibility to _____, like ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
pathogens
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of salmonellosis.
They vary depending on strains. The _____ strain causes bloody diarrhea, headaches, fever and *HUS.
๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐
The ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ strains are named ______ _____ ______:______.
E coli O157:H7
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
They cause _____ ______ ______ marked by anemia due to lysis of red blood cells and kidney failure, similar to *cholera.
hemolytic uremic syndrome
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ infectious bacterial fever with an eruption of red spots on the chest and abdomen and severe intestinal irritation.
typhoid fever
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of typhoid fever is characterized by high fever, headache, and abdominal pain. Maybe followed by intestinal rupture causing internal _______ then shock, and death.
bleeding
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of typhoid fever.
This member of Enterobacteriaceae grows both in the intestine and blood, it is a ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ serotype, Gram (-) and found in humans.
๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The strain crosses ______ intestinal membrane and invades the bloodstream. This causes the life-threatening enteric-fever.
Mucous
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The strain also crosses the _______ intestinal
epithelium
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The strain is then taken up by ______ cell where within it multiplies.
macrophages
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
After invading M-cells, multiplying in macrophages it then travels throughout the body by this ______.
bloodstream
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
If ______ of patches are destroyed, then the intestine ruptures and hemorrhages.
Peyerโs
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The source of infection is caused by ______ of mammal.
Humans
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
Transmission from person to person is by _____ method.
fecal-oral
โ๐ฃ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ & ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ฅ of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
Although there are antimicrobial medications, the ______ typhoid vaccine helps prevent the typhoid fever.
Inactivated
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ both infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies, causing severe vomiting and diarrhea.
Cholera
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Cholera.
It causes a classical symptom of ______ when the toxins of the bacteria act on the small intestinal epithelium.
Watery-diarrhea
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Cholera.
The symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps which have ______ onset.
Abrupt
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Cholera.
In 1883, Robert Koch isolated _____ that is both alkali and salt tolerant, curved, Gram (-) rod.
๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ Rapid test for stool specimens from ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ revealed the ______ ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
toxicogenic
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
In general, the toxin causes secretion of chloride, electrolytes, and water out of the intestinal epithelium and into the _____. Without rehydration, shock happens.
lumen
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
It enters through by ______ transmission of food or drink.
oral-fecal
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
They attach to the ______ of cells in the small intestine.
epithelial
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Inside the epithelial cells, the bacterium releases a toxin substance, causing the cells to continuously ______ chloride ions, then electrolytes and water.
secrete
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The secreted liquids from the _____ cells travel to lumen intestinal region, causing watery diarrhea.
epithelial
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
After causing dehydration, the bacteria use the ______ route to exit the body with fluids.
Feces
โ๐ฃ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ & ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ฅ of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The main treatment consists of oral and ______ therapy, which rehydrates fluid and electrolytes.
Intravenous
โ๐ฃ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ & ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ฅ of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Although a vaccine is available in some countries, handwashing and _______ water limit the disease.
purifying
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ infection by a bacterium that causes peptic ulcers in the stomach and the uppermost part of the small.
H. pylori infection
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of H. pylori infection.
They are often asymptomatic, but ______ ulcers can cause abdominal pain, tenderness, and bleeding.
peptic
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of H. pylori infection.
Infection may occur if _____ is introduced into the layer of mucus that overlies the stomach epithelium.
tube
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of H. pylori infection.
It is a microaerophilic bacterium that withstands stomach acid by producing urease.
๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
They thrive in stomach acidity by producing ______, an enzyme. They infect when burrowed within stomachโs mucus coating.
urease
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The ______ of the layer is damaged by bacterial products and inflammatory response.
This may lead to peptic ulcers.
mucosal
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Most stomach cancers are due to H. pylori, but it causes cancer ______.
Rarely
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The most probable route is ______ transmission. Incidence do increases with age.
Oral-fecal
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ Gastroenteritis from the consumption of contaminated raw foods, raw vegetables and most notable, undercooked ground beef.
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of E. coli Gastroenteritis.
Varies per strain, most are ______, and cause brief diarrhea.
harmless
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of E. coli Gastroenteritis.
The _______ is a type of gram (-) rod, most strains ferment lactose which distinguishes them from the similar Shigella family.
๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Toxic E. coli Gastroenteritis.
This ๐ฌ. ๐๐๐๐ strain produces types of Shiga toxins, and even make other toxins as well. Most identified in outbreaks.
๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ. ๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of the ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
It causes severe diarrhea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, vomiting and ______ ______ ______.
HUS
(hemolytic uremic syndrome)
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
The Shiga toxin strains are encoded by various prophages, a great example ______ conversion.
lysogenic
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
It typically colonizes _______ ________, where it infects effector proteins that cause attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions.
large intestine
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
The colonization damage results in diarrhea which becomes bloody due to the ______ _____ on the local blood vessels.
Shina Toxins
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
About ______% develop the hemolytic uremic syndrome.
5-10
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
They are easily spread by ______ _______ transmission in addition to food-borne.
direct contact
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
The initial source typically originates from untreated manure from _______.
cow
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ infection, that is caused by a form of viral hepatitis transmitted by fecal contamination of hands, food, or water.
Hepatitis-A-Infection
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Hepatitis-A-Infection.
It usually causing fever and jaundice with no _____ carriers. Its preventable by vaccination.
chronic
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Hepatitis-A-Infection.
The _______ is non-enveloped, ssRNA picornavirus family.
๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐.
Following ingestion, the virus reaches the _______, by an unknown route.
liver
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The liver is the only tissue damaged, this is the organ which _____ occurs.
replication
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The virus is released into the bile and eliminated by ______.
feces
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of HAV.
It spreads by the ______ route, mostly by fecal-contaminated hands, food, or water.
fecal-oral
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The ______ group is at high risk, also elderly at nursing homes, travelers and sexual active contact.
children
โ๐ฃ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ & ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ฅ of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The _____ vaccine prevents and immune globulin treatment.
Inactivated
๐ธ ๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ severe form of viral hepatitis transmitted in infected blood and semen, causing fever, debility, and jaundice.
Hepatitis B Infection
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Hepatitis B Infection.
Unlike Hep-A, it is more _____ and this-type of disease which leads to cirrhosis and cancer. It also can cross the placenta.
severe
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Hepatitis B Infection.
It is the _______, an enveloped, double-stranded DNA hepadnavirus.
๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐
(HBV)
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
It first infects the _____ cell.
liver
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
In the liver, it uncaots and is transported to _____, a site of the cell.
nucleus
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
RNA polymerase transcribes the ______, generating mRNA and then pgRNA.
cccDNA
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
The mRNA is translated, producing the virally encoded proteins, then viral particles assemble and HBV-encoded -reverse-transcriptase packages into ______.
pgRNA
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
After assembling, the virus acquires its _____ and it exits from the cell.
envelope
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
It spread by _______ and or products containing, also by semen if sex.
blood
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ form of viral hepatitis transmitted in infected blood, possibly semen, causing chronic liver disease. It was formerly called non-A, non-B hepatitis.
Hepatitis C Infection
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Hepatitis C Infection.
Typically, few or no symptoms but the progression of the ______ damage cause cirrhosis and cancer in chronic carriers.
Liver
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Hepatitis C Infection.
The ______ is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA flavivirus.
๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ช-๐๐๐๐๐
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ช-๐๐๐๐๐.
Within the host cell, the viral genome is translated as a single _____ that is then cleaved by HCV protease into multiple proteins.
polyprotein
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ช-๐๐๐๐๐.
The virus infects the _____ and triggers inflammatory and immune responses.
liver
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ช-๐๐๐๐๐.
After that, the disease process starts and stopsโat times the liver seems to return to normal, then weeks or months later shows marked ______.
inflammation
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ช-๐๐๐๐๐.
Most acquire the disease by sharing of syringes, others by tattoos, infected objects. Risk from blood transfusion is now extremely ______.
low
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ Gastroenteritis caused by a virus, most common in infants and children.
Rotaviral Gastroenteritis
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Rotaviral Gastroenteritis.
Vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, lasting 5 to _____ days
8
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Rotaviral Gastroenteritis.
Double-walled capsid virus, ds-segmented-RNA genome
๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
It infects the epithelial cells that line the upper part of the _____ intestine.
small
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The infection causes epithelial cell death and decreased the production of _____ enzymes.
digestive
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The damaged lining _____ to absorb fluids, leading to watery diarrhea.
fails
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
In addition, one of the viral proteins appears to function as an enterotoxin, causing fluid secretion in a manner somewhat similar to _____ toxin.
cholera
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in _____ and children in the United States;
infants
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ viral gastroenteritis, most common originally called โNorwalk viruses,โ The viruses are designated a category B bioterrorism agent because they spread easily.
Norovirus Gastroenteritis
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Norovirus gastroenteritis.
Typically causes nausea, vomiting, and watery diarrhea, but _____ in teenagers and adults.
severe
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Norovirus gastroenteritis.
The ______ is a non-enveloped, ssRNA virus.
๐ต๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ต๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Noroviruses infect the epithelium of the upper small intestine, causing epithelial cell death and decreased the production of _____ enzymes.
digestive
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ต๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
For reasons that are not understood, _____ to noroviruses is only short-term, lasting just several months.
immunity
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ต๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Transmission of noroviruses is primarily by the _____ route
fecal-oral
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ intestinal infection caused by a parasite. It is a common cause of travelerโs diarrhea.
Giardia
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Giardia.
They include _____, flatulence, nausea.
indigestion
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Giardia.
It is a flagellated pear-shaped protozoan with two nuclei.
๐ฎ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
the _____ survive in chlorinated water but can be removed by filtration.
cysts
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The Cysts enter the mouth, Ingested cysts survive _____, then to the lower small intestine.
stomach
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The Trophozoites are released from cysts in the small intestine, where dehydration in _____ intestine stimulates cyst development.
large
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Mature cysts or trophozoites are eliminated in the _____ to contaminate soil, water, hands, and food.
feces
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Ingestion of focally _____ water; low infectious dose; person-to-person spread
contaminated
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites, that can live in the intestine of humans and animals and is passed in the stool of an infected person or animal.
Cryptosporidiosis
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Cryptosporidiosis.
Fever, loss of _____, nausea, abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea
appetite
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Cryptosporidiosis.
The _____ _____ is a protozoan parasite, apicomplexan.
๐ช๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ช๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
It is ______ due to animal models for the disease
unknown
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ช๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Analysis of biopsies from infected patients confirms these protozoans are both present in the ______ epithelium.
intestinal
