CH 4 Flashcards
A type of process where bacteria and archaea increase in size and multiply in an exponential form.
Binary Fusion
The average time between two consecutive generations in the lineages of a population.
Generation Time
A group of microorganisms that attach to surfaces and live in polymer-incased communities.
Biofilms
A type of formation when planktonic (free-floating) cells move to a surface and adhere, multiplying, releasing polysaccharides, DNA and other hydrophilic polymers.
Biofilm Formation
This substance gives the appearance and characteristics of slime and is composed of accumulation of polymers.
EPS (Extracellular Polymeric substances)
In Biofilm Formation, this phase is where the bacteria move to the surface and adhere.
Phase 1
In Biofilm Formation, this phase is where the bacteria multiply and produce EPS (extracellular polymeric substances.
Phase 2
In Biofilm Formation, this phase is where other bacteria may attach to the EPA and grow.
Phase 3
In Biofilm Formation, this phase is where the cells communicate and create channels in the EPA that allow nutrients and waste products to pass.
Phase 4
In Biofilm Formation, this phase is where some cells detach and then move to other surfaces to create additional biofilms.
Phase 5
A method in the laboratory where bacteria and archaea are isolated and grown.
Pure Culture
A technique used for pure cultures where a set of procedures minimizes the chances of other organisms being accidentally introduced.
Aseptic Technique
This requirement is for obtaining a pure culture, consisting of a medium, container and methods of separation of individual microbial cells.
Basic
A distinct mass of cells from a single microbial cell.
Colony
A growth medium that is a polysaccharide extracted from marine algae to solidify culture media.
Agar
A two-part covered container made of glass or plastic for cultures.
Petri Dish
The simple term referred to a petri dish with a growth medium.
Agar Plate
A culture technique used for isolating microorganisms with a sterile inoculating loop dipped into a sample then lightly drawn several times across the face of an agar plate.
Streak-Plate Method
A cultures grown in the laboratory using closed systems where nutrients or waste are untouched.
Batch Cultures
A type of pattern where grown batch cultures the populations increase in distinct patterns of stages and decline, it contains 5 distinct stages.
Growth Curve
A type of pattern phase where a culture is transferred into a different medium and no increase of cell number occur.
Lag phase
A type of pattern phase where cell divide at a constant rate, medically important due to sensitivity of antimicrobial meds.
Log Phase
A type of valuable molecule produced by microbial growth in the log phase of cell culture.
Primary Metabolites
A type of waste compounds not required for growth that result of accumulation, causing cells to shift into hibernation.
Secondary Metabolites
A type of pattern phase where a culture nutrient levels are too low to sustain growth, resulting in dead cells to burst, releasing nutrients and fueling growth of other cells.
Stationary Phase
A type of pattern phase where a culture is depleted of nutrients and enters a slow period where when the total number of viable cells in the population decreases as cells die off at a constant rate.
death phase
delete
dele
A type of pattern phase where a culture is depleted of nutrients and slightly modified surviving populations.
Prolonged Decline Phase
A type of device that assists continues growth of cells by equivalently adding nutrient drips and removing volume containing cells, waste and spent medium.
Chemostat
A latter group of microbes that live in harsh environments and consist of archaea.
Extremophiles
The number of microbial groups are conveniently divided for optimum growth temperatures, despite that specific microbes may not grow in these number of groups.
Five
The optimal temperature ranges for growth of Psychrophiles (psychro, cold). These microbial groups grow in the cold Arctic, Antarctic regions and in lakes fed by glaciers.
(-5, 15) ℃
The optimal temperature ranges for growth of Psychotrophs (troph, nourishment). These microorganisms grow in lower temperatures, they are important cause of spoilage in refrigerated foods.
(15, 30) ℃
The optimal temperature ranges for growth of Meophiles (meso, middle). These microbial groups grow in soil.
(25, 45) ℃
The optimal temperature ranges for growth of Thermophiles (thermo, heat). These microbial groups grow in hot springs and compost heaps.
(25, 45) ℃
The optimal temperature range for growth of Hyperthermophiles (Hyper, excessive).
These microbial groups are archaea, one member is known to grow isolated from the wall of hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean.
>/= 70℃
Refrigeration temperatures (limit or increase?) the slow growing Psychrophiles and Psychotrophs?
Increase
Freezer temperatures (retain/destroy?) Psychrophiles.
Retain
In Hansen’s Disease (leprosy), the causative bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae grow in the (Coolest/Warmest?) regions of the body.
Coolest
In Syphilis, the causative bacterium, Treponema pallidum grows in the (Coolest/Warmest?) regions of the body.
Coolest
Where may the microbe Pseudomonas aeruginosa be found?
Hot Tub
An environment a microbial group thrive that is present with O₂.
Aerobic
An environment where a microbial group thrive with little or no O₂.
Anaerobic
This type of microbial group have an absolute requirement for oxygen (O₂).
Obligated Aerobes
This type of microbial group grow better if O₂ is present but grow regardless if without.
Facultative Anaerobes
This type of microbial group grows in an oxygen (O₂) free environment, often killed on air exposure.
Obligated Anaerobes (anaerobes)
This type of is a microorganism that requires oxygen to survive, but requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen than are present in the atmosphere
Microaerophiles
This type of microbial group is indifferent to oxygen.
Aerotolerant anaerobes
A type of byproduct form from microbial aerobic respiration, such as superoxide (O₂¯) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
A type of enzyme produced by most organisms in presence of O₂. This enzyme catalyzes superoxide to O₂ and hydrogen peroxide, making it inactive.
Superoxide dismutase
A type of enzyme produced nearly by all organisms, minus Aerotolerant anaerobes. This enzyme catalyzes hydrogen peroxide into O₂ and water.
Catalase
a Microbial species such as prokaryotes grow in acidic environments, where protons pump protons, H⁺, (in/out?).
Out
Microbial species such as prokaryotes that grow in alkaline conditions pump (in/out) protons, H⁺, (in/out?).
In
The pH optimum ranges of this Neutrophils. This microbial group is found in pickle preservation and stomach.
(5, 8) pH
The pH optimum ranges of Acidophils. This microbial group is found in gas-emitting volcanic fissure in Japan.
(<5) pH
The pH optimum ranges of Alkaliphiles. This microbial group is found in alkaline lakes and soils.
(>8.5) pH
A phenomenon where water diffuses out of the cell due to osmosis when the solute concentration is higher than in the cell, resulting cytoplasm to dehydrate and shrink from the cell wall.
Plasmolysis
Types of microbes that tolerate up to 10% concentration of salt. They are found on dry salty environments of the skin.
Halotolerant
(halo, salt)
Types of microbes that require high levels of sodium chloride. Marine bacteria need approximately 3% NaCl.
Halophiles
Type of microbes require extremely high amounts of sodium chloride. These groups are found in environments such as the salt flats of Utah and the dead sea.
Extreme halophiles
Chemical elements that make up cells, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.
Major Elements
A microbe group that requires the organic carbon.
Heterotrophs
A microbe group that requires inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.
Autotrophs
A microbe group process where inorganic carbon converts to an organic form.
Carbon Fixation
A microbe group process where nitrogen is converted into ammonia, amino acids and nucleic acid.
Nitrogen Fixation
When Major Elements are available at the lowest concentration relative to necessity for microbes.
Limited Nutrients
Elements that are required in small amounts.
Trace Elements
Organic Molecules that are necessary for specific microbes that are unable to synthesize them.
Growth Factors
When microbes are less resourceful metabolically requiring numerous growth factors such as vitamins and amino acids.
Fastidious
Organisms that harvest sunlight such as plants, algae and certain bacteria.
phototrophs
Organisms that extract energy from chemical compounds such as mammalian cells, fungi and other types of prokaryotes.
Chemotrophs
Microbes that use energy of sunlight to make organic compounds from CO₂ in the atmosphere.
Photoautotrophs
