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Microbiology 1113 > CH 7 > Flashcards

CH 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

A linear compound that consists of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group, forming the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

A

Nucleotide

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2
Q

Compounds that contain nitrogen biological compounds that form nucleosides, which are components of nucleotides. These monomers constitute the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.

A

Nucleobase

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3
Q

The complete set of genetic information of a cell.

A

Genome

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4
Q

In regard to the genome, the functional unit that encodes a product.

A

Gene

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5
Q

In regard to the genome, this is the study and analysis of the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

A

Genomics

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6
Q

In one of the two steps of cellular multiplication, first the double-stranded DNA must be duplicated before cell division.

A

DNA Replication

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7
Q

In one of the two steps of cellular multiplication, second the data is encoded by DNA must be decoded for cellular synthesis of necessary gene products.

A

Gene Expression

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8
Q

In gene expression, one of the two related process, this first process is where data is encoded in DNA and copied into RNA.

A

Transcription

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9
Q

In gene expression, one of the two related process, this second process is where data carried by RNA is interpreted and used to synthesize the encoded protein.

A

Translation

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10
Q

In the characteristics of DNA, due to the chemical structure of nucleotides and how they’re joined, a single strand of DNA will always have a 5’PO₄ at one end and a _____’OH at the other.

A

3’ end

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11
Q

In the characteristics of DNA, the two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between nucleobases in this orientation.

A

Complementary

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12
Q

In the characteristics of DNA, the term that describes the bonding of A-T, G-C.

A

Base-Paring

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13
Q

In the characteristics of DNA, when two strands of DNA in the double helix are oriented in the opposite directions. One strand is oriented in the 5’-3’ direction and its complement is oriented in the 3’-5’ position.

A

Antiparallel

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14
Q

In the characteristics of RNA, the term used when RNA is made. The Base-Paring rules apply except that Uracil is used rather than thymine.

A

Transcript

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15
Q

In the three functional types of RNA Molecules, this RNA molecule conveys genetic data from DNA to the ribosome, where it specifies the amino acid sequence of protein of gene expression.

A

Messenger RNA (MRNA)

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16
Q

In the three functional types of RNA Molecules, this RNA molecule is essential for protein synthesis and is a component of the ribosome.

A

Ribosomal RNA

(rRNA)

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17
Q

In the three functional types of RNA Molecules, this RNA molecule carries amino acids to the protein synthetic machinery of a cell as directed by 3-nucleotide sequence (codon) in a mRNA.

A

tRNA

(Transfer RNA/sRNA)

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18
Q

In DNA replication, the starting point when the replication process proceeds in both directions, allowing half the time of replication unlike unidirectional.

A

Origin of Replication

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19
Q

In DNA replication, the term used when the progression of bidirectional replication around a circular DNA molecule creates two advancing forks where DNA synthesis is occurring.

A

Replication Forks

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20
Q

In DNA replication, when two DNA molecules created through replication contain one of the original strands paired with a newly synthesized strand.

A

Semiconservative

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21
Q

In the initiation of DNA replication one of the enzymes binds to the origin of replication, it temporarily breaks strands of DNA, relieving tension caused by unwinding the two strands of the DNA helix.

A

DNA Gyrase

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22
Q

In the initiation of DNA replication this second enzyme that binds to the origin of replication, it joins two DNA fragments together by forming covalent bonds between the sugar and phosphate residue of adjacent nucleotides.

A

Helicases

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23
Q

In the initiation of DNA replication the exposed single-stranded regions are acted upon by enzymes, that synthesize small fragments of RNA to serve as primers for DNA synthesis.

A

Primases

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24
Q

In the initiation of DNA replication the exposed single-stranded regions, contain small fragments of nucleic acid to which DNA polymerase can add nucleotides.

A

Primers

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25
Q

In the process of DNA replication, the complex enzymes and other proteins that synthesize DNA are termed this.

A

Replisomes

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26
Q

In the process of DNA replication this enzyme synthesizes DNA, they use one strand of DNA as a template to make the complementary strand.

A

DNA Polymerases

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27
Q

In the process of DNA replication, this strand is where DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3’ end.

A

Leading Strand

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28
Q

In the process of DNA replication, this strand is the synthesis of the other strand, it is more complicated. DNA polymerases cannot add nucleotides to the 5’ end of a nucleotide chain.

A

Lagging Strand

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29
Q

In the process of DNA replication, nucleic acid fragments produced during discontinues synthesis of the lagging strand of DNA. Each of which has a short stretch of RNA at its 5’ end.

A

Okazaki Fragments

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30
Q

In the process of DNA replication, this enzyme seals the gaps between fragments forming a covalent bond between the adjacent nucleotides.

A

DNA Ligase

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31
Q

In transcription, this enzyme synthesizes a single-stranded RNA molecule from DNA template. Synthesis occurs in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

A

RNA Polymerase

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32
Q

In transcription, the DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase can bind and initiate transcription.

A

Promoter

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33
Q

In transcription, the nucleotide sequence at which RNA synthesis stops; the RNA polymerase falls of the DNA template and releases the newly synthesized RNA.

A

Terminator

34
Q

In transcription, the strand of DNA that servers as the template for RNA synthesis, the resulting RNA molecule is complementary to this strand.

A

Minus (-) strand

35
Q

In transcription, the strand of DNA that is complementary to the one that serves as the template for RNA synthesis, the nucleotide sequence of the RNA molecule is the same as this strand, except it has uracil rather than thymine.

A

Plus (+) strand

36
Q

In transcription, a transcript that carries one gene. In prokaryotes, MRNA molecules carry data for one or multiple genes.

A

Monocistronic

37
Q

In transcription, a transcript that carries multiple genes. Often, the proteins encoded generally have related functions, allowing cell to express related genes as one unit.

A

Polycistronic

38
Q

In the initiation of RNA synthesis, the part of RNA polymerase that recognizes the promoter that is loosely attached subunit.

A

Sigma (δ) factor

39
Q

In translation and the role of mRNA, the set of rules used by living cells to translate information, consists of a series of three nucleotides, a codon with one amino acid.

A

Genetic Code

40
Q

In translation and the role of mRNA, A sequence has three possible ways in which triplets can be grouped.

A

Reading Frames

41
Q

In translation, this complex molecular “machine” strings amino acids together to make polypeptide and locate key punctuation sequences on the mRNA molecule.

A

Ribosome

42
Q

In the role of transfer RNAs, a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of generic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

A

Anticodon

43
Q

In the initiation of translation, is a sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start codon of an mRNA transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a ribosome during the initiation of protein translation.

A

Ribosome binding site (RGS)

44
Q

In the initiation of translation, this codon is the first codon of a mRNA transcript translated by a ribosome and always codes for methionine in EUK and a modified MET (fMet) in prokaryotes. Most common start codon is AUG.

A

Start Codon

45
Q

In elongation of the polypeptide chain, a cluster of ribosomes held together by a strand of messenger RNA that each ribosome is translating.

A

Polyribosome

46
Q

In the Termination of Translation, the nucleotide triplet with messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins.

A

Stop Codon

47
Q

In the Post-Translational Modification, the of assistance of specific proteins.

A

Chaperones

48
Q

In the Post-Translational Modification, “tags” that are a characteristic series of hydrophobic amino acids at their amino terminal end. They are removed by proteins in the membrane.

A

Signal Peptide

49
Q

In Eukaryotic mRNA, it is synthesized in this type of precursor.

A

Pre-mRNA

50
Q

In Eukaryotic mRNA, shortly after transcriptions begins the 5’ end of pre-mRNA is? By adding methylated guanine derivative.

A

Capped

51
Q

In Eukaryotic, this process cleaves the transcript at a specific sequence and then adds about 200 adenine derivatives to the new 3’ end, creating a poly A tail.

A

Polyadenylation

52
Q

In Eukaryotic, his process is a modification which removes specific segmentations of the transcript.

A

Splicing

53
Q

In Eukaryotic, this is a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

A

Introns

54
Q

In Eukaryotic, this is a segment of DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence.

A

Exon

55
Q

The transmission of information from outside a cell to the inside, this allows cells to monitor and react to environmental conditions.

A

Signal Transduction

56
Q

In signal transduction, this is the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density.

A

Quorum Sensing

57
Q

In signal transduction, this important mechanism allows cells to detect and react to the external environment.

Two- _____ -_____ System

A

Two-Component-Regulatory System

58
Q

An important role in gene expression where some genes change randomly in cells increasing survival chances of the least a part of a population.

A

Natural Selection

59
Q

In Natural Selection, this mechanism of infectious agents such as protozoan, bacterium or virus alter its surface proteins in order to evade a host’s immune response.

A

Antigenic Variation

60
Q

In Natural Selection, this is a method for dealing with rapidly varying environments without requiring random mutation. It involves the variation of protein expression, frequently in an on-off fashion within different parts of a bacterial population.

A

Phase Variation

61
Q

In Bacterial Gene Regulation, this unit is made up of linked genes that is thought to regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis.

A

Operon

62
Q

In Bacterial Gene Regulation, in molecular genetics, this is a group of genes that are regulated as a unit, generally controlled by the same regulatory gene that express a protein acting as a repressor or activator.

A

Regulon

63
Q

In Bacterial Gene Regulation, this is the simultaneous regulation of numerous genes.

A

Global Control

64
Q

In Bacterial Gene Regulation scientists have grouped enzymes according to regulation that controls synthesis, this enzyme group are synthesized constantly, enzymes are encoded by genes actively and play essential roles in central metabolic pathways.

A

Constitutive

65
Q

In Bacterial Gene Regulation scientists have grouped enzymes according to regulation that controls synthesis, this enzyme group are not routinely produced, enzymes are encoded by genes on as needed and they are often involved in transport and breakdown of specific energy sources.

A

Inducible

66
Q

In Bacterial Gene Regulation scientists have grouped enzymes according to regulation that controls synthesis, this enzyme group are produced routinely, but synthesis can be shut off when not required, involved in biosynthetic (anabolic) pathways.

A

Repressible

67
Q

In Bacterial Gene Regulation and Mechanisms to Control Transcript, A component of RNA polymerase that recognizes different sets of promoters, thereby controlling expression of specific groups of genes.

_____ _____ Factors

A

Alternative Sigma Factors

68
Q

In DNA Binding Proteins, the regulatory protein blocks transcription by binding to an operator, a specific DNA sequence located immediately downstream of a-promoter.

A

Repressor

69
Q

In DNA Binding Proteins, the repressor is synthesized as a form that binds to the operator, blocking transcription.

A

Induction

70
Q

In DNA Binding Proteins and induction, a molecule that attaches to the repressor, the shape changes so it can no long attach to the operator.

A

Inducer

71
Q

In DNA Binding Proteins, this molecule is synthesized as a form that cannot bind to the operator.

A

Repression

72
Q

In DNA Binding Proteins and repression, this molecule however attaches to the repressor, the complex can then bind to the operator blocking transcript-or.

A

Corepressor

73
Q

In DNA Binding Proteins, this regulatory protein facilitates transcription (positive regulation).

A

Activators

74
Q

In DNA Binding Proteins and activators, genes controlled by some activators have an ineffective promoter preceded a type of site.

_____-Binding Site

A

Activator-Binding Site

75
Q

Early described by François Jacob and Jacques Monod, this type of operon of E. Coli served as a model of understanding the control of bacterial gene expression.

Lac _____

A

Lac Operon

76
Q

In the Lac Operon as a Model, this mechanism of regulation controls the degradation of sugars by a cell.

A

CCR

(Carbon Catabolite Regression)

77
Q

In the Lac Operon as a Model, this mechanism of regulation of carbon catabolite repression involves this activator.

A

CAP

(Catabolite Activator Protein)

78
Q

In the Lac Operon as a Model, This mechanism of regulation is an inducer that the activator is bound to, it is an ATP derivative.

A

cAMP

(Cyclic AMP)

79
Q

In the Lac Operon as a Model, this mechanism of regulation glucose is being moved not the cell, a glucose transport component binds to lactose transporter (permease), locking it in a non-function position, the lac operon is not induced.

Inducer _____

A

Inducer Exclusion

80
Q

The science of collecting and analyzing complex biological data such as genetic codes.

A

Bioinformatics

81
Q

The study of total microbial genomes in an environmental.

A

Metagenomics

82
Q

Microorganisms in a particular environment.

A

Microbiome

Microbiology 1113 (16 decks)

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