ch 15,16,17,18 Flashcards
_____ is a programmed death of self-cells that does not cause inflammation.
Apoptosis
The Complement ______ is the series of proteins in blood and tissue fluids that can be activated to help destroy and remove invading microbes.
Complement System
The Complement System contains _____ to _____ serum proteins.
20 to 30
Complement System is involved in Opsonization and initiation of the _____ response.
immune
The MHC _____ are Host cell surface proteins that present antigen to T-Cells. Includes viruses and bacteria replicating in a host cell.
MHC Molecules (Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules)
The MHC Molecules molecules _____ to antigens derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by approbate T-cells.
bind
MHC _____ molecules found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells and functions in the clearance of endogenous antigens
MHC 1
MHC _____ molecules found only on antigen-presenting cells and functions in clearance of exogenous antigens.
MHC II
The _____ Response is a coordination innate response with the purpose of containing a site of damage, localizing the response, eliminating the invaders and restoring tissue function.
Inflammatory Response
The ______ is a Complement System components that assembled to form pores in membranes of invading cells.
MAC
(Membrane Attack Complex)
The ______, is a major type of phagocytic cell in blood; They quickly move to infected tissues, where they destroy invading microbes.
Neutrophil
_____ is a coating of an object with molecules for the phagocytes that have receptors, making it easier for phagocytosis to occur.
Opsonization
______ immunity, also called the “non-specific immunity” is the Host defenses mechanism involving (1) anatomical barriers, (2) sensor systems that recognize patterns associated with microbes or tissue damage, phagocytic-cells and the (3) Inflammatory Response.
Innate Immunity
The _____ Immunity is a type of specialized defense system, which provides protection, during the lifespan. Exposure to microbes or other types of foreign material and substantially increase host ability to defend itself.
Adaptive Immunity
The _____ Immunity is protection provided by immune responses that improve due to exposure to antigens; involves B-Cells and T-Cells.
Adaptive Immunity
The _____ Immunity involves that B-Cells proliferate into plasma cells and an antibody response. Eliminates invaders, toxins from the bloodstream and tissue fluids.
Humoral Immunity
_____ are molecules that react with either an antibody or an antigen receptor on a lymphocyte. Expressed from the antibody generator.
Antigen
(anti-body gen-erator)
Antigens are generally of high molecular weight and are commonly proteins or _____.
polysaccharides
_____-______ antigens are types of most antigens that require the presence of Tʜ-Cells to stimulate antibody production by B-Cells.
T-Dependent Antigens
______ Markers are a protocol used for identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells.
CD Markers
(Cluster of Differentiation)
the _____ is a Y-shaped protein that binds antigen that binds to surface of cells, toxins, viruses, and antigens to protect the body against the effects of that antigen.
Antibody
the Antibody is a Y-shaped protein that binds ______.
antigen
An action of adaptive immune response, the production of Y-shaped proteins that bind to antigens, ______ them for destruction or removal by other host defense.
targeting
______ apparatus is the physiological system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage.
lacrimal apparatus
_____ membranes line the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract. They are constantly bathed with mucus or other secretions that help wash microbes from the surface.
Mucous membranes
Mucous membranes in the ______ tract are lined with ciliated cells; the hair-like cilia constantly beat in an upward motion, moving materials away from the lungs to the throat where they can then be swallowed.
respiratory tract
In the respiratory tract, the movement is referred to as the mucociliary ______.
escalator
A type of innate response, where higher than normal body temperatures occurs, this interferes with the growth of some pathogen and can enhance the effectiveness of other responses.
Fever
Fever results when macrophages release certain pro-inflammatory ______. It inhibits the growth of many pathogens and increases the rate of various body defenses.
cytokines
In a case, a child experienced episodes of chills and fever, drenched with sweat. Developed neurological symptoms and slipped into a coma. The cause was found to be _____, which is uncommon.
Malaria
______ was once treated by infecting the patient with the parasite that causes malaria, a disease characterized by repeated cycles of fever, shaking, and chills.
Syphilis
______ and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) interfere with the production of prostaglandins, a group of inflammatory mediators.
Aspirin
The ______, such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins, cause immediate spasms of smooth muscle tissue lining the bronchial tubes and increased mucus production, both of which interfere with breathing.
Mediators
Antimicrobial _____ are types of barriers substances, a variety of substances that inhibit or kill microorganisms. Salty residue on the skin.
Antimicrobial Substances
______ is a type of antimicrobial substance produced from an enzyme, that degrades peptidoglycan, found in tears, saliva and mucus and within the body in phagocytic-cells, blood and the fluid that bathes tissues.
Lysozome
______ are types of antimicrobial substance produced by an enzyme, that form antimicrobial compounds using hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxidases
_____ is a type of antimicrobial substance, that is an iron-binding protein in saliva, mucus, milk and few phagocytes.
Lactoferrin
Lactoferrin work by making _____ unavailable to microorganisms.
iron
______ is a type of antimicrobial substance, that is similar to lactoferrin, which is in the blood and tissue fluids, that binds to iron, making it unavailable to microorganisms.
Transferrin
______ are a type of antimicrobial protein, that are short chains of amino acids (15-20 amino acids) that are known for protecting epithelial borders.
AMPs (Antimicrobial Peptides)
A type of AMPs is defensins, it is secreted by sweat glands, they protect epithelial borders. They are _______ charged AMPs that insert into microbial membranes, forming pores that damage cells.
positively
A type of AMPs, Human cathelicidins (LL-37) may “exert selective toxicity against microorganisms versus hosT-Cells” bacterial and mammalian cells that _____ membrane types.
Disrupt
A type of AMPs, Dermcidin (DCD) is a peptide ion channel which can _____ itself into bacterial cytoplasmic membranes to kill bacteria.
Integrate
Normal ______ are the population of microorganisms that routinely grow on the body surface of healthy humans. They provide protection. Competitive exclusion of pathogens. Antibiotics distrust flora. Essential to the development of immune system.
Normal Microbiota
Normal microbiota is also known to make _____ chemicals and alter conditions, such as pH… all to outcompete invaders.
Antimicrobial chemicals
Normal microbiota are _____; where they competitive exclusion of pathogens by adhering to important binding sites; they also consume available nutrients.
Antagonistic
The immune system travels through the _____ circulatory system. Numbers increase during infection. In infection recurrent occurs from reserves-of immature cells in bone marrow. Found in various tissues. Few are dual functions-in innate and Adaptive Immunity.
Blood
Blood plasma and blood formed ______ are found in, blood.
Elements
______ cells are a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles. These enclude macrophages, Neutrophils, and DCs.
Phagocytic Cells
_____ are types of fragments arise from large cells called megakaryocytic. They are important for blood clotting.
Platelets
_____ nodes, The major sites of B and T lymphocytes, and other white blood cells. They act as filters for foreign particles and cancer cells.
Lymph nodes
_____ cells are a differentiated form of WBC. They are a sentinel cell that engulfs and digests anything that does not have specific host cell proteins on the surface.
Macrophages
_____ cells are antigen-presenting cells of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems.
DCs (Dendritic cells or “accessory cells”)
Co-______ Molecules are surface proteins are produced in DCs upon detection of pathogens. Their function interacts with T-Cells as signals. Naive T-Cells activate.
Co-Stimulatory Molecules
The ______ cells are a subset of WBCs (leukocytes) involved in Adaptive Immunity, that include NK-Cells, T-Cells, and B-Cells. These main types are found in lymph.
Lymphocyte
_____ are specialized cell types, such as dendritic, B-Cells and macrophage cells, that produce MHC II molecules.
APCs
(Antigen Presenting Cells)
The _____ cells are a type of lymphocyte that attacks cancerous cells and matures in the thymus. Important in cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity
T-Cells
The _____ cells are a subset of T-Cells (CD-8) that express TCRs, they target and destroy the virus and cancerous cells with molecules that tiger cell death.
T𝗰-Cell (Cytotoxic T-Cell)
The _____ receptors are a type of receptor molecule found on the surface of T-Cells. Antigens must be present in bodies own cell.
T𝗰R
(T-Cell Receptor. TCR.)
T𝗰-Cell clones are activated by the _____, the clone expands so it has many cells to attack the target
APCs
The _____ are a subset of T-Cells (CD-4) that are programmed to activate B-cells and macrophages.
They help modulate the immune response by releasing cytokines. They direct and assist in the response of humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
Tʜ-Cell (Helper T-Cell)
The _____ are a subset of T-Cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease.
Tʀᴇɢ-Cells (Regulatory T-Cells, formally T Suppressor Cells; t regs)
The _____ cells are a types of lymphocyte found in bone marrow that functions to make antibodies. Important in humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity
B-Cells
The _____ receptors are a type of receptors expressed by B-Cells, on their membranes. They function to bind to a specific antigen, against which it initiates an antibody response.
BCR (B-Cell Receptor)
The _____ are a B-Cell sub-type that is formed within germinal centers following primary infection.
The higher effectiveness of the secondary response.
Memory B-Cells (Memory Lymphocytes)
The _____ are a type of WBC that secrets large volumes of antibodies. Transported by blood plasma and lymphatic system.
Plasma B-Cells
(Plasma Cells, plasmocytes, plasmacytes, or effector B cells)
Adaptive Immunity involves _____ cells and _____ cells.
B-Cells and T-Cells
The ______ system is where lymphocytes are formed and matured. They also provide environments for Stem-Cells to divide and mature into B-Cells and T-Cells. The primary lymphoid organs consist of red bone marrow and the thymus gland.
Lymphoid Organs
The _____ gland is lymphoid organs situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T-Cells for the immune system.
Thymus gland
The _____ is a type of ILC (innate lymphoid cell). It kills certain types of cells.
NK-Cell (Natural-killer-Cells)
The _____ is a class of cytokines with functions that include attracting WBCs to sites of infection.
Chemokine
The ______ is a substance secreted by bone marrow that promotes the growth and differentiation of stem cells into colonies of specific blood cells.
CSFs
(Colony-Stimulating Factors)
The ______ is a group of signaling proteins released by host cells, usually in the response to several pathogens, that has the property of inhibiting virus replication.
IFNs
(Interferons)
IFNs effect regulating immune responses; and they are the production of _____ proteins, which lead to its discovery.
Antiviral
IFN-_____ are proteins produced by leukocytes and is also made synthetically as medication in hairy cell leukemia.
IFN-α
The IFN-______ proteins are produced in large quantities by fibroblasts and is used as a treatment for multiple sclerosis as it reduces the relapse rate.
IFN-β
The ______ are any of a class of glycoproteins produced by leukocytes for regulating Immune Responses.
ILs
(Interleukins)
The ______ are A types of ILs from macrophages, epithelial cells. Effects T-Cell and macrophage activation; induces fever.
IL-1 (Interleukins)
The ______ are A types of ILs from T-Cells. Effects, T-cell proliferation.
IL-2 (Interleukins)
The ______ are A types of ILs from, T-Cells, Mast-Cells. The effect promotes antibody responses.
IL-4 (Interleukins)
The ______ are A types of INFs from T-Cells and macrophages. The effect, T-Cell, and B-Cell growth; Inflammatory Response; fever.
IL-6 (Interleukins)
______ is the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli such as the introduction of microbes into a sterile body site or tissue damage.
Inflammation
Inflammation Involves 4 major signs, the first three were first observed by Aristotle _____, _____, _____ and _____ of the function is an additional symptom that may happen.
redness, heat, pain, and
loss of function.
(ALL 4 must be remembered)
The ______ Mediators are A collective term for various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemicals such as histamine.
Inflammatory Mediators
______ is a compound that is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.
Histamine
_____ is a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body.
Edema
______ is A cell response where immune cells recognize foreign danger signals within themselves and release pro-inflammatory cytokines that swell and burst and kill the cell.
Pyroptosis
_____ is A substance, typically produced by a bacterium, that produces fever when introduced or released into the blood.
Pyrogens
_______ won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on Antibody Therapy.
Behring
______ Response is The adaptive response to a particular antigen. Immune system “remembers” mechanism effective against that specific antigen.
Primary Response
______ Response is The adaptive response results post Primary Response, later in life. When the same antigen is encounter later in life, the stronger antigen-specific adaptive immune response.
Secondary Response
______ is The term used to describe the relative ability of an antigen to elicit an immune response. Small molecules are usually not immunogenic, unable to elicit an immune response.
Immunogenic
_____ is When multiple IgG molecules bind to a virally infected cell or a tumor cell, that cell becomes a target for destruction by NK-Cells. The NK-Cells attaches to the Fc-regions of IgG, once the attached target is killed by delivery of compounds.
ADCC
(Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)
______ is the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself.
Epitopes (Antigenic Determinants)
Toxins and viruses must bind specific molecules on a cell surface before they can damage that cell. A toxin or virus coated with antibodies cannot attach to cells and are said to be _______.
neutralized
The _____ is the Immunity involving a T-cell response. It deals with intercellular antigens; it involves T-Cells.
CMI
(Cell-Mediated Immunity)
IG is abbreviated for _____, proteins present in serum and cells of the immune system, which function as antibodies.
Immunoglobulin
______ is Expressed on the surface of B-Cells and in a secreted form with very high avidity. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell-mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG.
IgM
(Immunoglobulin M)
______ is In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus.
IgG (Immunoglobulin G)
______ is Found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, and prevents colonization by pathogens. Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk.
IgA (Immunoglobulin A)
______ is Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. It has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors.
IgD (Immunoglobulin D)
______ Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergy. Also protects against parasitic worms.
IgE (Immunoglobulin E)
______ is the Process in which a lymphocyte’s antigen receptor binds to an antigen, allowing the lymphocyte to multiply. Copies of the specific B-Cells are capable of making the appropriate antibodies.
Clonal Selection
______ expansion is the theory describes how the immune system can make a seemingly unlimited range of antibody specificities.
clonal expansion
Clonal ______ prevents recognition and destruction of self hosT-Cells, making it a type of negative selection or central tolerance.
Clonal deletion
In the clonal expansion, If a Tʜ-Cells’ antigen receptor (T-cell receptor) binds one of the peptide ______ being presented by a B-Cell, then that T-Cell activates the B-Cell allowing it to undergo clonal expansion.
fragments
In the clonal expansion, If no Tʜ-Cell recognize the peptides presented by a B-Cell, that B-Cell may become _____. This results in tolerance to that antigen, a mechanism the adaptive immune system uses to avoid responses against “self” and other harmless antigens.
anergic
The ______ Vaccine is A type of vaccine created by covalently attaching a poor antigen to a strong antigen. This elicits the stronger immunological response to the poor antigen. Most common, the poor antigen is a polysaccharide that is attached to a strong protein.
Conjugate Vaccine
artificially acquired active immunity
______ acquired active immunity
part of active immunity; acquired by exposure to vaccine (weakened or dead pathogen) without exhibiting symptoms of the infectious diseases (caused by the pathogen); rapidly mutating viruses require annual vaccinations (influenza) or defy efforts to produce a vaccine (HIV)
naturally ______ active immunity
part of active immunity; acquired by exposure to live pathogen with symptoms of the infectious disease (caused by the pathogen)
naturally acquired active immunity
artificially ______ active immunity
part of active immunity; acquired by exposure to vaccine (weakened or dead pathogen) without exhibiting symptoms of the infectious diseases (caused by the pathogen); rapidly mutating viruses require annual vaccinations (influenza) or defy efforts to produce a vaccine (HIV)
artificially acquired active immunity
artificially ______ passive immunity
part of passive immunity; acquired by injection of antiserum (blood plasma of actively immune person) containing anti-pathogen antibodies
artificially acquired passive immunity
naturally ______ passive immunity
part of passive immunity; antibodies acquired from the mother by fetus through placenta (persist 6 months - 1 year after birth) and by newborn from breast milk
naturally acquired passive immunity
Inactivated ______-______ Vaccine
Microbe is killed, usually by chemical treatment with phenol or formalin.
SALK polio for example
Inactivated whole-agent Vaccine
______, whole-agent Vaccine
(WEAKENED) Sabine polio vaccine for example
*Living Agent, usually virus
*Agent usually reproduces in host, therefore, generally provides most effective and long-lived immunity.
*Microbe is either avirulent or less virulent than the disease-causing agent
*Risk of Back mutation
Attenuated
______ are Inactivated Toxins
tetanus
Toxoids
______ Vaccine
(only fragments of the virus or bacterium)
Microbes and fragmented (acellular)
This vaccine has the lowest risk for side effects
Subunit Vaccine
A ______ vaccine is a vaccine (Hepatitis B Vaccine) produced through recombinant DNA technology. This involves inserting the DNA encoding an antigen (such as a bacterial surface protein) that stimulates an immune response into bacterial or mammalian cells, expressing the antigen in these cells and then purifying it from them.
recombinant
