CH 21 Flashcards
Inflammation of the throat, common of viral infection.
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the bronchi. Smoking and viral infections are common causes.
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the larynx, causing hoarseness.
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the lungs characterized by filling air sacs filling with fluids such as puss and blood.
Pneumonia
The infection of the middle ear, a route microbes enter.
Otitis Media
A type of bacterial infection that develops along S. pyogenes (GAS) strains. It causes abnormal high fevers, most notable for the ripe-strawberry tongue look, roughening of skin and pink-red rash on the body.
Scarlet Fever
A toxoid vaccine contains Diphtheria, Tetanus toxoids, and Bordetella pertussis antigens combined to initiate immunization. Booster Shots every ten years maintain immunity.
DTaP
A Toxin-mediated disease marked by pseudomembrane in the upper respiratory tract. Preventable by immunity (DTaP).
Diphtheria
This bacterial infection is generally known as strep throat, it causes inflammation of the pharynx, throat, swelling of lymph nodes but with no fever.
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
The Symptoms of Streptococcal Pharyngitis cause the throat to red, form pus and small hemorrhages. The time frame is short and typically last?
one week
The Causative Agent of Streptococcal Pharyngitis
It is Gram (+) bacteria. Rapid diagnostic tests are used to confirm if GAS-antigen is present if not agar tests confirm if b-hemolysis is present.
Streptococcus pyogenes
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
the types of molecules it makes determines specific niches they possess.
Virulence factors
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
this Virulence-Factor inhibits phagocytosis by reading an enzyme that “destroys” complement component C5a, which typically lures phagocytes to the bacterial infection site.
C5a peptidase
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
this virulence-factor inhibits phagocytosis. An acid surrounds the carbohydrate-based bacterial capsule, protecting It protects it from phagocytosis by neutrophils.
Hyaluronic acid
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
this virulence-factor mediates attachment to fibrin, a protein on epithelial cells in the mucous membrane.
Protein F
In the Pathology of S. pyogenes,
this virulence-factor interferes with opsonization. It’s a cell wall protein, the Fc receptor that bind binds the Fc portion of IgG. This preventing opsonization by antibodies.
Protein G
In the Pathology of S. pyogenes,
few strains contain the virulence-factor of Superantigens, which trigger massive activation of T-Cells, resulting in a cytokine storm. Toxic-Stains vary, causing Scarlet Fever to toxic shock.
SPEs
(Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins)
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
this virulence-factor enzyme inhibits the immune response and induces b-hemolysis. The enzyme destroys both Leukocyte and erythrocytes by producing holes in their cell membrane, respectively.
Streptolysin O and S
Another type of factor-virulence is an enzyme that enhances the spread of bacteria by breaking down DNA, proteins, blood clots, tissue, hyaluronic acid.
Tissue-degrading enzymes
In the Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
This host is only affected.
humans
In the Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes ;
The S. pyogenes strep-throat strains are more common in Nasal, then the Pharyngeal cavities, thus it uses a precise organ-system for transmission that involves air-borne droplets.
respiratory
In the Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes ;
The strain shifts less effective in long-term carriers, it becomes harmless to host or others. This is all due to a specific deficiency.
M-Protein
This factor is vital for cells and required for movement of the eukaryotic ribosome on mRNA. If this factor is inhibited, then protein synthesis stops and cells die.
EF-2
(elongation factor 2)
An acute, highly contagious bacterial infection of the mucous membranes in the throat. It is toxin-mediated but now rare in the US.
Diphtheria
The Causative Agent in Diphtheria.
is a rod “club” shaped bacteria, irregular gram (+) due to metachromatic granules that are an ID in Potassium-tellurite agar but enhanced in Löffler’s medium.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
The Signs & Symptoms of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
It starts with severe lethargy, discomfort, and sore throat. The neck then swells. Inside the pharynx, a specific white-gray substance is growing that may potentially cause suffocation.
pseudomembrane
In the Pathology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
The C. diphtheriae possesses decreased invasive ability, causing it to enter this specific organ system, but not blood or tissue.
throat
In the Pathology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
It produces an A-B toxin. A cell membrane recognizes one of these specific toxins and absorbs both the A-B toxin. Inside, they separate into subunits.
Toxin-B
In the Pathology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
After the Subunits, Toxin-AB sperate inside the cell, this specific extremely toxin then becomes a functional enzyme that inactivates all the cells EF-2, but not all toxin is used up in the reaction.
toxin-A
In the Epidemiology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
The primary reservoirs are this specific mammal, they additionally frequently occurs in homeless populations.
Humans
In the Epidemiology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
The method of transmission of C. diphtheriae occurs in _____, furthermore, it is then acquired from inhalation or fomites.
air
The is the most frequent viral infection that affects the “nose” in humans.
Common Cold
The Common Cold affects 2-4 adults a year, in comparison, children get ______ a year.
8
The Signs & Symptoms of the Common Cold;
Begins within 1-2 days, with malaise followed by a runny nose that changes color from green or cloudy and forms runny to a ______ consistency. Sneezing and congestion common.
thickens
The Signs & Symptoms of the Common Cold;
Typically it lasts a week with no fevers. Although, mild _____ may continue longer.
coughs
The Signs & Symptoms of the Common Cold;
Do contain fevers and chills? True or False
False
The Signs & Symptoms of the Cold;
They might be produced by other _____ or bacteria.
viruses
The Causative Agents of the Common Cold;
The most common causative agents of the Common Cold are also referred to as _____ viruses.
Cold
The primary Causative Agent of the Common Cold,
is known as _____ or the “Horney nose” virus, it accounts for 30-50% of colds and contains 100 strains.
HRV (human rhinoviruses)
Pathology of Human rhinoviruses.
comes from the “Small RNA” ______ family of non-enveloped ssRNA viruses.
picornavirus
In the Pathology of Human rhinoviruses,
first Viruses attach to ______ epithelium, starting an infection that spreads to adjacent cells, killing and stopping ciliary action.
respiratory
In the Pathology of Human rhinoviruses.
later the inflammatory response causes _____ secretions and ultimately stopped by the innate and adaptive immune responses.
mucous
In the Epidemiology of Human rhinoviruses.
_____ are the only source of cold viruses.
Humans
In the Epidemiology of Human rhinoviruses.
It is not highly contagious. However, children may start outbreaks, due to their lack of care of nasal secretions and hand _____.
washing
In the Epidemiology of Human rhinoviruses.
_____ stress double the risk of developing a cold, temperatures are not responsible.
emotional
This new emerging disease first appeared in 1993, with young vigorous victims developing flu-like symptoms and dying within days.
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
The Signs & Symptoms of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome;
First start with fever, muscle aches, especially in the _____ back. With nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
lower
The Signs & Symptoms of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome,
the final symptoms include a dry cough, sever _____ of breath followed by shock and death.
cough
The Causative Agent of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome;
Is caused by hantavirus _____, the “no-name.” It belongs to the bunyavirus order.
Sin-Nombre-Virus
The Epidemiology of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome;
The syndrome is the zoonosis, it is transmitted by mice. Person-to-person transmission occurs ______, if any.
rarely
Pathogenesis of Sin-Nombre-Virus.
The bunyavirus, are _____, is a three-segment ssRNA virus.
enveloped
In the Pathology of Sin-Nombre-Virus;
It entrance occurs in lungs and infects cells that line ______. It moves to circulatory system and body.
capillaries
In the Pathology of Sin-Nombre-Virus;
The inflammatory response responds to _____ that appear from the invader, in lungs, hear and organs.
antigens
In the Pathology of Sin-Nombre-Virus,
The virus enters the body by the _____ of airborne dust that has been contaminated with urine, feces, or saliva of infected rodents.
inhalation
In the Pathology of Sin-Nombre-Virus,
The bunyavirus order primarily infects _____, without obvious harm to the host, however typically family members have a specific host species.
rodents
A highly contagious respiratory tract infection that is also called the “an intensive cough”. Preventable by the vaccine.
Pertussis
(Whooping Cough)
The Signs & Symptoms of Pertussis;
Is marked by _____ stages.
three
The Signs & Symptoms of Pertussis,
The first stage _____ resembles upper respiratory tract infection with a runny nose, cough, and fever.
Catarrhal
The Signs & Symptoms of Pertussis;
in the second stage, _____ is marked by spasms of violent coughing, which seldom leads to vomiting and convulsions
paroxysmal
The Signs & Symptoms of Pertussis,
in the third stage, _____ is marked by less persistent coughing, during recovery.
convalescent
The Causative Agent of Pertussis;
The ______ pertussis is an encapsulated Gram (-) rod bacterium.
Bordetella pertussis
Pathology of Bordetella pertussis
It is tiny, strictly _____. Making it sensitive to drying and sunshine.
aerobic
In the Pathology of Bordetella pertussis,
it colonizes the _____ of the upper respiratory tract and tracheobronchial system.
surfaces
In the Pathology of Bordetella pertussis;
The ciliary action is slowed. Toxins released by B. pertussis cause death of epithelial cells and increased _____;
cAMP
In the Epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis;
It is transmitted via Inhalation of infected droplets, and older children and adults have _____ symptoms.
mild
In the Epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis;
it is _____ contagious, spread via respiratory secretions suspended in air.
highly
Previously a common disease/ This disease is a potentially serious infectious bacterial disease today that mainly affects the lungs.
Tuberculosis Disease
The Signs & Symptoms of Tuberculosis Disease
At first is asymptomatic lung infection, which results in _____.
LTBI
(latent tuberculosis infection)
The Signs & Symptoms of Tuberculosis Disease
The second infection consists of a persistent cough, often producing blood-streaked sputum, weight loss, night sweats and is called the _____.
TB disease
(tuberculosis disease)
The Causative Agent in Tuberculosis Disease
It is caused _____ ______ or commonly called tubercle bacillus, is slender, acid-fast, rod-shaped bacterium.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
The Causative Agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
it has an unusual cell wall that contains a large amount of _____ acids, making it strong.
mycolic
In the Pathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The colonization of the _____ produces an inflammatory response.
alveoli
In the Pathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
After the inflammatory response, ingestion by macrophages follows, but organisms _____.
survive
In the Pathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
The surviving invaders are carried by the _____ to the lymph nodes, lungs, and other body tissues. The infecting bacteria multiply in granulomas form.
macrophages
The Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
The M. tuberculosis is transmitted by Inhalation of airborne organisms, but latent infections can _____.
Reactivate
The Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The LTBI rates are lowest in ______, but that is the opposite for minority groups, elderly and the poor.
White
The Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The TST or Man-Toux is a _____ test for M. tuberculosis.
skin
The Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The IGRAs (QFT-G) test are fast and done on the same day, while the Xpert MTB/RIF are slow, in-home testing that detects _____.
DNA
This type of lung infection is the most common, and most serious form of pneumococcal disease
pneumonia
The signs & Symptoms of Pneumococcal pneumonia
They include _____ colored sputum from degraded blood, single shaking chill, shortness of breath and chest pain
rust
The Causative Agent of Pneumococcal pneumonia.
They are _____ pneumonia, a Gram (+) diplococcus known as pneumococcus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pathology of Streptococcus pneumoniae,
It contains the thick polysaccharide _____ is responsible for the organism’s virulence
capsule
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
The host inhales encapsulated pneumococci, where it colonization the _____ that triggers an inflammatory response.
alveoli
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
As a result, plasma, blood, and inflammatory cells fill the alveoli. This causes pain from the involvement of _____ endings.
nerve
The Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae .
It contains high carrier’s rates, those at increased risk have conditions such as alcoholism, narcotic use, and viral infections that _____ the mucociliary escalator. Other predisposing factors are chronic heart or lung disease, diabetes, and cancer.
impair
The “______” pneumonia, is relatively mild pneumonia, common among college students and military recruits. Cannot be treated with medications that inhibit cell wall synthesis.
walking
The Signs & Symptoms of “walking pneumonia”.
They include a _____ onset of pneumonia symptoms with a headache, fatigue and muscle aches.
Gradual
The Causative Agent, of “walking pneumonia”.
It is Mycoplasma pneumonia, a small bacterium that has no cell _____.
wall
In the Pathology of Mycoplasma pneumonia.
It is caused by Inhalation of infected _____.
droplets
In the Pathology of Mycoplasma pneumonia.
The bacterial cells attach to specific receptors on the _____ epithelium. Inhibition of ciliary motion and destruction of cells follow.
respiratory
In the Epidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumonia.
_____ infections are common, and these infected people often spread the disease.
Mild
A type of pneumonia that was unknown until 1976 with the responsible bacteria of legionella.
Legionnaires’ Disease
The Causative Agent of Legionnaires’ Disease.
It is ______ _____, a Gram (-) bacterium that stains poorly in clinical specimens.
Legionella pneumophila
The Signs & Symptoms of Legionella pneumophila.
They include flu-like symptoms, with confusion and small amounts of sputum, w/o blood. _____ of breath is common.
Shortness
In the Pathology of Legionella pneumophila.
It multiplies within _____; released with the death of the cell; necrosis of cells lining the alveoli; inflammation and formation of multiple small abscesses
phagocytes
The Epidemiology of Legionella pneumophila.
It originates mainly from warm water contaminated with ______, such as found in air-conditioning systems.
protozoa
The Epidemiology of Legionella pneumophila .
It transmits via _____ water drops, making smokers and those with disabled defenses are most at risk of developing the disease.
aerosolized
The _____ infection causes mild, cold-like symptoms with dusky coloration, fever and difficulty breathing.
Respiratory syncytial virus infections
The Causative Agent of Respiratory syncytial virus infections .
The HSRV that produces _____, cells in cultures fuse together, forming clumps.
syncytial
(Human respiratory syncytial virus )
In the Pathology of Respiratory syncytial virus infections.
The sloughing of respiratory epithelium and inflammatory response plug bronchioles, cause bronchiolitis. _____ results from bronchiolar and alveolar inflammation, or secondary infection.
Pneumonia
In the Epidemiology of Respiratory syncytial virus infections .
The Yearly epidemics during the cool months. It readily spread by otherwise healthy older children and adults who often have mild symptoms. It has ______ lasting immunity.
no
Known as the “flu” A type of disease in birds and some mammals.
Influenza
The Sign & Symptoms of “Flu”.
They consist of Fever, muscle aches, lethargy, headache, sore throat, congestion and a _____ cough develops and worsens over a few days.
dry
The Causative Agent of the “Flu”.
It is the _____ _____ _____ and is the only species of the genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses.
Influenza-A-Virus
The Pathology of Influenza-A-Virus.
In infection _____ epithelium, the cells are destroyed, lyse, allowing the infection to spread. Secondary bacterial infection results from the damaged mucociliary escalator.
respiratory
The Pathology of Influenza-A-Virus.
The Antigenic drift and Antigenic shift prevent ______.
immunity
In the Pathology of Influenza-A-Virus.
The viruses change seasonally due to _____ drift;
antigenic
In the Pathology of Influenza-A-Virus.
While in contrast with drifts, the antigenic shifts cause _____.
pandemics
In the Epidemiology of Influenza-A-Virus.
It can be deadly, especially in _____ risk groups. The new vaccines developed yearly.
high
The _____ disease is known as for the Spelunkers, who explore caves. The disease is rare and mimics TB.
Histoplasmosis
The Signs & Symptoms of Histoplasmosis.
They are mostly _____. Fever, cough, and chest pain are the most common symptoms, sometimes with shortness of breath. Mouth sores may develop, especially in children.
asymptomatic
The causative agent of Histoplasmosis is
_____ _____, is a dimorphic fungus.
Histoplasma capsulatum
The pathology of Histoplasma capsulatum .
The Microconidia are inhaled, it changes to yeast phase and multiplies in _____.
macrophages
The pathology of Histoplasma capsulatum .
In macrophages, ______ form and the disease spreads throughout the body in people with AIDS or other immunodeficiency’s.
granulomas
In the Epidemiology of Histoplasma capsulatum.
The fungus grows in _____. Spelunkers are at risk of infection.
guano
An infection called _____ is caused by a fungus. This infection is sometimes called The Valley Fever because it occurs in hot, dry areas of the Western Hemisphere
Coccidioidomycosis
The Signs & Symptoms of Coccidioidomycosis.
They are “flu-like”, loss of appetite and weight. Nodules and joint paint, _____ like symptoms.
TB
The Causative Agent of Coccidioidomycosis.
It is the ______ _____, a dimorphic fungus
Coccidioides immitis
In the Pathology of Coccidioides immitis .
After lodging in a lung, arthroconidia develop into _____ that mature and rupture to release endospores, each of which then develops into another spherule;
spherules
In the Pathology of Coccidioides immitis.
The inflammatory response damages tissue and ______ to fungal antigens cause painful nodules and joint pain.
hypersensitivity
In the Epidemiology of Coccidioides immitis.
Inhalation of airborne C. immitis arthroconidia occurs with _____ from soil growing the organism.
dust
