CH 7 Articulations/Joints Flashcards
Articulations (Joints)
- Place where a bone meets bone, cartilage or teeth
Study of Joints
Anthrology
Classification of joints by structure
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
Classification of joints by function
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
fibrous joint
- Held together by dense regular tissue
- Immovable
cartilaginous joint
- Bones joined by cartilage
- Semi movable
synovial joint
- Bones separated by fluid-filled cavity
- Freely moveable
synarthrosis
immovable joint
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable
diarthrosis
freely movable
Gomphoses
- Synarthroses
- Teeth
Sutures
- Sytnharthroses
- Skull
Syndesmoses
- Amphiarthroses
- Tibia/fibula
- Synchondroses
Cartilaginous
- Synarthroses
- Hyaline cartilage
- Epiphyseal plate
- Rib sternum connection
- Symphyses
Cartilaginous
- Amphiarthroses
- Contain fibrocartilage
- Vertebrate discs
Synovial Joints
- Freely mobile (diarthroses)
- Joint cavity
Common Synovial Joints
- Shoulder
- Elbow
- Knee
Synovial features
Articular capsule
Articular cartilage
Joint cavity
Ligaments
Bursae
Tendon sheaths
Articular capsule
- Fibrous layer (outer)
- Synovial membrane (synovial fluid)
- Furthest outside layer
- Articular cartilage
- Layer of hyaline cartilage
- Reduces friction
- Shock absorber
- On end of bone
Joint Cavity
- Space between bones (synovial fluid)
- Insides
Ligaments
- Dense regular connective tissue
- Strengthen and reinforce capsule
Bursae
- Sacs outside synovial fluid
- Tendon sheaths
- Elongated bursae around tendons
- Wrist
- Arthritis
- Normal
- Osteocytearthritis
- Bone ends rub together
- Rheumatoid
- Swollen inflamed synovial membrane
- Bone erosion
3 classification of synovial joints
uniaxial
biaxial
multiaxial
uniaxial
- Moves in one plane
- Pivot joints
- Hinge joints
- Plane joints
pivot joints
- Rotate on longitudinal axis
- Vertebrae
Hinge joints
- Like hinge of a door
- Humerus and ulna
Plane joints
- Side to side movement
- Tarsals
Biaxial
- Moves in two planes
- Condylar joints
- Saddle joint
Condylar joints
- Concave surface + convex of other
- Metacarpal + phalanx
Saddle joint
- Resemble saddle shape
- Metacarpal and carpal
Multiaxial joint
moves in three planes
Ball and socket joints
- Ball-and-socket joints
- Spherical head into cuplike socket
- Hips and elbows
- 4 types of motion
Gliding
Angular mortion
Rotation
Special movements
Gliding
- Articular surfaces sliding back and forth or side to side
- Occurs in plane joints
- Ie: carpals
Angular motion
- Increases or decreases the angle between bones
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Lateral flexion
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Flexion
- Decreases joint angle
- Bicep flex
- Looking down
- Wrist flipped down
- Hamstring curl
Extension
- Straightens joint angle
- Arm flat
- Looking up
- Wrist flipped up
- Leg locked out
Lateral flexion
Oblique curl
Abduction
- Lift arm up
- Leg up to side
- Wrist out lateral
- Spread fingers
Adduction
- Arm at side
- Leg at side
- Wrist in medial
- Radoiocarpal & ulna carpal
- Fingers together
- Metacarpophalangeal
- Interphalangeal
Circumduction
- Arm circles
- Gelnohumeral
- Hip circles
- Acetabulofemoral
Rotation
- Bone turns on its own longitudinal axis
Lateral rotation
- Forearm flipped out
- Point toes out
Medial rotation
- Forearm flipped in
- Point toes in
Pronation
- Palms back
Supination
- Palms forward
Depression and elevation
- Up and down
- Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
- Toe up and toe down
- Inversion and eversion
- On outside of foot and inside of foot
- Protraction and retraction
- Chin out vs chin in
Joints of pectoral girdle and upper limbs
- Sternoclavicular joint
- Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
- Elbow joint
- Sternoclavicular joint
- Diachronic joint (sternum and clavicle)
- Supporting ligaments
- Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular
- Costoclavicular
- Interclavicular
- Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
- Diathrotic ball and socket joint (humerus and scapula)
- Greatest range of movement (most unstable) of any joint in body
- Tendon of biceps brachia long head
- Rotator cuff muscles
- Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint ligaments
- Coracoacromial
- Coracohumeral
- Glenohumeral
- Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint bursae
- Subacromial
- Sub deltoid
- Sub scapular
- Elbow joint
- Diathrotic hinge joint (humeroulnar and humeroradial)
- Trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna
- Capitulum of humerus with head of radius
- Single articular capsule (both joints)