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Anatomy > Ch 15 Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Ch 15 Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

4 major regions of the brain

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
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2
Q

anterior and posterior of head region is called…

A

rostral and caudral

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3
Q
  • Gray matter (outer cortex) function
A
  • Motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies
    - Dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons
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4
Q
  • White matter (inner region) function
A
  • White matter (inner region)
    - Contains myelinated axons
    - Axon terminals
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5
Q

Cerebral nuclei

A

deep regions of gray matter

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6
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Is the location of conscious thought
  • Origin of intellectual functions
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7
Q

Cerebrum surface is marked by

A

gyri
sulcus
fissures

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8
Q

gyri

A

(ridges/folds)

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9
Q

sulcus

A

grooves/depressions

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10
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves

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11
Q
  • Longitudinal fissure
A
  • Divides cerebrum into left and right
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12
Q
  • Central sulcus
A
  • Middle of brain sulcus
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13
Q
  • Lateral sulcus
A
  • Side of head sulcus
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14
Q
  • Parieto-occipital sulcus
A
  • Back of head sulcus
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15
Q

5 Lobes of cerebrum

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula

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16
Q
  • Frontal lobe
A
  • Anterior region of cerebral hemisphere
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17
Q
  • Frontal lobe Posterior border
A

central sulcus

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18
Q
  • Frontal lobe Inferior border
A

lateral sulcus (Sylvia fissure)

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19
Q
  • Frontal lobe Percentral gyrus
A

primary motor cortex

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20
Q
  • Frontal lobe functions
A
  • Voluntary movement, verbal communication, higher level functions (ie. Decision making, planning, self-control, personality)
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21
Q
  • Frontal lobe syndrome
A
  • Damage to frontal lobe
    - Symptoms
    - Lowered libido
    - Weakness on side of body or face
    - Depression
    - Behavioral changes
    - Easily distracted
    - Diminished sense of taste and smell
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22
Q
  • Parietal lobe
A
  • Superoposteriar part of each hemisphere
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23
Q
  • Parietal lobe Anterior border
A

central sulcus

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24
Q
  • Parietal lobe Inferior border
A

lateral sulcus

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25
Q
  • Parietal lobe Posterior border
A

Pareto-occipital sulcus

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26
Q
  • Parietal lobe Postcentral gyrus
A

primary somatosensory cortex

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27
Q
  • Parietal lobe Functions
A
  • Processing somatosensory information from body
28
Q
  • Temporal lobe Superior border
A

lateral sulcus

29
Q

Temporal lobe Posterior border

A

pre-occipital notch

30
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A
  • Processing auditory information
    - Encoding of memory
31
Q
  • Occipital lobe Antero-superior border
A

Parieto-occcipital sulcus

32
Q
  • Occipital lobe Antero-posterior border
A

pre-occipital notch

33
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A
  • Processes incoming visual information, stores visual memories
34
Q
  • Insula (islands of real)
A
  • Deep to the lateral sulcus
    • Involved in interoceptive awareness, emotion, empathy, taste
35
Q

3 regions of the diencephalon

A

epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus

36
Q

epithalamus

A
  • Posterior portion
    houses
  • pineal gland
  • habenular nuclei
37
Q

pineal gland

A

located in epithalamus
- Secretes melatonin (regulates circadian rhythm

38
Q

habenular nuclei location and function

A

located in epithalamus
- Relays signals from limbic system to midbrain; involved in visceral and emotional responses to odor

39
Q
  • Thalamus
A
  • Mid portion
    - Paired masses of gray matter on each side of third ventricle
    - Sensory impulses from conscious senses converge on thalamus and synapse in one of it nuclei
40
Q
  • Hypothalamus
A
  • Anterior portion
    - Infundibulum
    - Thin, stalk like structure inferior to hypothalamus ( attach to pituitary gland)
    - Specific nuclei control various functions in body
41
Q

3 regions of brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

42
Q

Brainstem function

A
  • Connects cerebrum and cerebellum to spinal cord (tracts)
  • Contains autonomic and reflex centers required for survival
  • Houses nuclei of many of the cranial nerves
43
Q

where does the midbrain connect

A

to diencephalon

44
Q
  • Cerebral aqueduct
A
  • Extends through midbrain and connects third and fourth ventricles
45
Q

midbrain is surrounded by what

A

by periaqueductal gray matter

46
Q

midbrain features

A
  • Nuclei of cranial nerves (CN) III and IV
    - Cerebral peduncles
    - Superior cerebellar peduncles connect to cerebellum to midbrain
    - Substantia nigra
    - Tegmentum
    - Superior and inferior colliculi are visual and auditory reflex centers, respectively
47
Q
  • Tegmentum
A
  • Is between substantia nigra and periaqueductal gray matter
48
Q
  • Substantia nigra
A
  • Houses neurons that produce dopamine; involved in motor control, emotion, pleasure, and pain
49
Q
  • Cerebral peduncles
A
  • Interconnection structures from primary motor cortex to spinal cord
50
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncles connect where

A

cerebellum to midbrain

51
Q
  • Middle cerebellar peduncles
A
  • Transverse fibers that connect pons to cerebellum
52
Q

Pons functions

A
  • Contains autonomic nuclei in pontine respirator center that help regulate breathing
    - Houses sensory and motor cranial nerve nuclei for CN, V, CN VI, and CN VII
    - Superior Olivary Complex nuclei receive auditory input and help localize sounds source
53
Q
  • Medulla oblongata
A
  • Pyramids which are composed of motor projection tracts (corticospinal tracts)
54
Q
  • Medulla oblongata Contains several autonomic nuclei:
A

cardiac center
vasomotor center
medullary respiratory center

55
Q

cardiac center

A
  • Regulates heart rate and strength of contraction
56
Q

vasomotor center

A
  • Controls blood pressure by regulating smooth muscle of arterioles
57
Q

medullary respiratory center

A
  • Regulates respiratory rate
58
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Slowness of movement
  • Speech changes
  • Tremor
  • Diminished substantial nigra
59
Q

Cerebellum 3 regions

A
  • Cerebellar cortex
    • Arbor vitae
    • Cerebellar nuclei
60
Q

cerebellar cortex

A
  • Outer layer of gray matter
61
Q

Arbor vitae

A
  • Internal region of white matter
62
Q
  • Cerebellar nuclei
A
  • Deepest layer
63
Q

Cerebellum divided into left and right hemisphere

A
  • Each hemisphere has an anterior and posterior lobe
    • A narrow vermis sits on the midline between hemispheres
64
Q

Folds of cerebellar cortex are called

65
Q

Cerebellum functions

A
  • Fine tune movements
    • Memories of previous learned movement patterns
    • Equilibrium and posture
    • Proprioceptive information

Anatomy (19 decks)

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