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Anatomy > Ch 18 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch 18 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

4 principal mechanisms of communication between cells

A
  • Gap junctions
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Paracrine
  • Hormones
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2
Q
  • Endocrine system
A
  • Glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones
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3
Q
  • Endocrinology
A
  • Study of endocrine system, diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders
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4
Q
  • Endocrine glands
A
  • Organs that are traditional sources of hormones
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5
Q
  • Nervous system
A
  • Electrical impulses are the messengers
    • Pathway = Neuron -> nerve impulse -> neurotransmitter -> target cell
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6
Q
  • Endocrine system pathway
A
  • Hormones are the chemical messengers. And target through blood stream
    • Endocrine cells -> blood stream -> target cells
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7
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • Thyroid
    • Adrenal gland
    • Gonads
    • Pituitary
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8
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • Liver
    • Salivary gland
    • Sweat gland
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9
Q

Overview of hormones

A
  • Produced by the endocrine glands
  • Chemical messengers (bloodstream)
  • Can only affect target cells or target organs
  • Cells that do not possess receptors for a specific hormone do not respond to that hormone
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10
Q

Negative and positive feedback loop

A
  • Hormone secretion is regulated by a self adjusting mechanism called feedback loop
    • Negative feedback
    • Positive feedback
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11
Q

Hypothalamic control of endocrine system

A
  • Hypothalamus is a control center of the endocrine system
  • Secretes regulatory hormones that control release of pituitary hormones
    • Hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH)
  • Regulates multiple primitive functions - water balance, thermoregulation, sex drive, childbirth
  • Many of its functions have closed connections to pituitary gland
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12
Q

Hypothalamus anatomy

A
  • Hypothalamus is shaped like a flattened funnel
  • Forms floor and walls of third ventricle
  • Hypothalamus contains collection of nuclei surrounding the third ventricle and the mammillary bodies
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13
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • Also called hypophysis
  • Locate inferior to hypothalamus - connected by infundibulum
  • Housed in sella tunica of sphenoid bone
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14
Q

Pituitary gland divided into

A

anterior and posterior

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15
Q
  • Anterior pituitary parts
A
  • Pars tubercles
    - Pars intermedia
    - Pars distills
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16
Q
  • Posterior pituitary
A
  • Directly connected to hypothalamus
    - Infundibular stalk
    - Pars nervosa
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17
Q

Anterior pituitary - adenohypophysis

A
  • Anterior three-quarters of pituitary
  • Linked to hypothalamus by hyophysial-portal system
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18
Q

Posterior pituitary - neurohypophysis

A
  • Posterior quarter of the pituitary
  • Nerve tissue, not a true gland
  • Hypothalamus and neurohypophysis connect through hypothalamo-hypophysial tract
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19
Q

histology of anterior pituitary

A
  • Purple and bulbous
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20
Q

histology of posterior pituitary

A
  • Tan and smaller
21
Q

RH

A

releasing hormone = hypothalamus

22
Q

TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)

A

PRL (prolactin) (mammary gland) and TSH (thyroid)

23
Q

GnRH

A

LH and FSH -> testis and ovaries

24
Q

CRH

A

ACTH -> adrenal cortex

25
Q

GHRH

A

GH -> liver

26
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • Located beneath the posterior end of corpus collosum
  • After age 7 it shrinks
  • Plays a role in circadian rhythm
27
Q

Thymus

A
  • Plays a role in 3 systems
    • Endocrine, lymphatic, immune
28
Q

thymus location

A

between lungs above the heart

29
Q

thymus hormones

A
  • Thymopoietin
    • Thyrosin
    • Thymulin
30
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • Largest gland that has only an endocrine function
31
Q

thyroid location

A
  • Located inferior to thyroid cartilage and anterior to the trachea
  • Butterfly shape with right and left lobes connected by isthmus
32
Q
  • Thyroid follicles
A
  • Sacs that make up most of thyroid
33
Q
  • Follicle lumen
A
  • Contain protein-rich colloid (traps iodine, center of thyroid hormone production)
34
Q
  • Follicular cells
A
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium that lines follicles
35
Q

Parathyroid glands

A
  • Small gland posterior area of thyroid
  • Usually 4
36
Q

two types of parathyroid cells

A
  • Chief cells: secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone)
    • Oxyphil cells: unknown function
37
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • Located on superior borders of the kidneys
  • Composed of 3 layers producing different corticosteroid
38
Q

3 layers of adrenal glands

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
    -Zona fasciculata
    • Zona reticularis
39
Q
  • Zona glomerulosa
A
  • Produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
40
Q
  • Zona fasciculata
A
  • Produces glucocorticoids (cortisol)
41
Q
  • Zona reticularis
A
  • Produce gonadocorticoids including androgens
42
Q
  • Adrenal medulla
A
  • Gland’s inner core
    - Consist of chromatin cells - modified ganglionic cells of sympathetic nervous system
    - Secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine - involved in flight or fight
43
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Located between duodenum and spleen; posterior to stomach
  • Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
44
Q

Pancreatic acini (exocrine tissue)

A

produce alkaline secretions into ducts that lead to duodenum for digestion

45
Q

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

A

small clusters of endocrine cells

46
Q

4 types of islet cells

A
  • Beta: 80%
    • Alpha 10%
    • Dela: 3%
    • F cell 1%
47
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Most prevalent metabolic disease in the world, ~ 422 million cases
  • 34 million in the US
  • Due to a hypo secretion of insulin
48
Q

Diabetes Mellitus symptoms

A
  • Polyuria (excess urine output)
    • Polydipsia (intense thirst)
    • Polyphagia (hunger)

Anatomy (19 decks)

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