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Anatomy > Ch 23 Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Ch 23 Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of respiratory system

A
  • Air Distributor
  • Gas exchange
  • Filters, warms, and humidifies air
  • Influences speech
  • Allows for sense of smell
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2
Q

Upper respiratory tract features 4 main

A

Head and neck
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx

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3
Q

Paranasal sinuses features

A
  • Frontal sinus
    - Sphenoidal sinus
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4
Q

Pharynx features

A
  • Nasopharynx
    - Oropharynx
    - Laryngopharynx
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4
Q

Larynx features

A
  • Epiglottis
    - Thyroid cartilage
    - Cricoid cartilage
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5
Q

Lower respiratory tract mains

A

Thorax

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6
Q

thorax features

A
  • Trachea
    - Bronchi
    - Lungs
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7
Q

All incoming air stops where

A

alveoli

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8
Q

2 zones of the functional division

A

conducting zone
respiratory zone

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9
Q

conducting zone function

A
  • Passages that serve only for airflow
    • No gas exchange
    • Nostrils to major bronchioles
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10
Q

respiratory zone function

A
  • Alveoli and other minimal gas exchange regions
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11
Q

main conducting airway for inhaled air…

A

the nose

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12
Q

3 anatomical portions of the nose

A

superior half
inferior half
ala nasi

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13
Q

superior half of nose

A
  • Nasal bones maxillae
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14
Q

inferior half of nose

A
  • Lateral and alar cartilages
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15
Q
  • Ala nasi
A
  • Flared portion at lower end of nose
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16
Q

to coronae

A

posterior region, opening to nasopharynx

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17
Q

vestibule

A
  • Beginning of nasal cavity
    - Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
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18
Q
  • Vibrissae
A
  • Stiff hairs, blocking debris
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19
Q
  • Nasal fossae
A
  • Right and left halves of nasal cavity
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20
Q
  • Nasal septum
A
  • Bone and hyaline cartilage
    - Vomer forms inferior region
    - Perpendicular plate of ethmoid forms superior region
    - Septal cartilage forms anterior region
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21
Q
  • Roof of nasal cavity
A
  • Ethmoid bone
    - Sphenoid bones
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22
Q
  • Floor of nasal cavity has what bones
A
  • Hard plate
    - Maxillary bones
    - Palatine bones
    - Seperates nasal cavity from the oral cavity
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23
Q
  • Nasal conchae
A
  • Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
    - Project from lateral walls toward septum
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24
meatus
narrow air passage below each concha
25
- Erectile tissue (swell body)
- Venous plexus in inferior - Swelling every 30 to 60 minutes - Restricts airflow in one fosse and directs air through other - Recover from drying - Air shifts between the right and left nostrils once or twice an hour
26
- Nasal mucosa
- Respiratory epithelium - Epithelial layer - Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium - Goblet cells produce mucus - Cilia, propel mucus posterior toward pharynx - Mucus swallowed into digestive tract
27
- Olfactory epithelium
- Sensory neurons - detects odors - Immobile cilia bind odorant molecules - Small area of the roof of the nasal cavity, adjacent parts of the septum and superior concha
28
the pharynx extends...
- Muscular funnel (5 in.) extending from choanae to larynx
29
3 regions of pharynx
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
30
nasopharynx
- Above soft plate - Receives auditory tubes - Contains pharyngeal tonsil
31
oropharynx
- Between soft palate and epiglottis - Opening of oral cavity into oropharynx is the faucet - Contains palatine tonsils
32
laryngopharynx
- Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage - Esophagus begins at the point
33
the larynx function
- Cartilaginous chamber ~ 4 cm long - Primary functions is to keep food and drink out of airway - In animals has evolved the role of phonation - the production of sound
34
- Epiglottis
- Flap of tissue that guards superior opening of larynx - At rest stands almost vertically - During swallowing, extrinsic muscles pull larynx upward - Tongue pushes epiglottis down to meet it
35
name the three solitary and large cartilage (superior to inferior)
- Epiglottic cartilage - Most superior - Thyroid cartilage - Laryngeal prominence - Cricoid cartilage - Ring-like - Connects larynx to trachea
36
- Three smaller, paired cartilages
- Arytenoid cartilages - Posterior to thyroid cartilage - Cornciulate cartilages - Attached to arytenoid cartilages like a pair of little horns - Cuneiform cartilages - Support soft tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis
37
- Internal structures of larynx
- Interior wall has two folds on each side - Extends from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages
38
- Superior vestibular folds
- Play no role in speech - Close larynx during swallowing
39
- Inferior vocal cords
- Produce sound when air passes between them - Contain vocal ligaments - Covered with stratified squamous
40
- Functions of nasal cavity
- Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air - Detects odors - Resonating chamber
41
- Trachea location
- Anterior to esophagus - Formed by 16-0 rings of hyaline cartilage
42
what does the hyaline cartilage do
- Flexible, allows esophagus to expand - Opening in c-rings faces posteriorly - Tracheal muscles opens the rings
43
what do tracheal muscles do
- Contracts or relaxes to adjust airflow - Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
44
- Mucociliary escalator
- Mechanism for debris removal - Mucus traps inhaled particles - Upward beating cilia moves mucus to pharynx to be swallowed
45
- Main Bronchi
- Right and left main bronchi - Trachea forks at level of sternal angle
46
carinaa (internal ridge at edge of trachea)
- Directs the airflow to the right and left
47
- Intubation
- Patient on a ventilator, air goes directly into trachea - Air must be filtered and humidified
48
- Tracheotomy
- Surgical temporary opening in trachea - tube the allows airflow - A permanent opening is called a tracheostomy - Prevents asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction
49
base of lungs
broad concave portion resting on diaphragm
50
apex of lungs
tip the projects above clavicle
51
costal surface of lungs
pressed against the ribcage
52
mediastinal surface of lungs
faces medially toward the heart
53
hilum of lungs
- slit for entering main broncos, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves - Structures near hilum constitute root of lung
54
Right lung
- Shorter than left because liver rises higher on the right - Three lobes, separated by horizontal and oblique fissures - Superior - Middle - Inferior
55
- Left lung
- Tall and narrow - Has indentation-cardiacimpression - The heart occupies more space on mediastinum - Has two lobes separated by single oblique fissure - Superior - Fissure
56
- Bronchial Tree
- Branching system of air tubes in each lung - From main bronchus to 65,000 ternimal bronchioles
57
- Main (primary) bronchi
- Arise from fork of trachea
58
- Right main bronchus
- Wider and more vertical than left - Left main branches is 5cm long - Right main bronchus 2 to 3 cm long
59
- Lobar and segmental bronchi
- Supported by crescent shaped cartilage plates
60
- Lobar (secondary) bronchi
- Three right lobar (secondary) bronchi: superior, middle, inferior - Two left lobar bronchi: superior and inferior
61
- Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
- 10 on right, 8 on left - Bronchopulmonary segment, functionally independent unit of the lung tissue
62
- Bronchioles
- 1 mm or less in diameter - Pulmonary lobule: portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole - Divides into 50 to 80 terminal bronchioles
63
- Terminal bronchioles
- Final branches of conducting zone - Measure .5mm or less in diameter - Have no mucous glands or goblet cells - Have cilia that move mucus draining into them back by mucociliary escalator - Each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller respiratory bronchioles
64
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Have alveoli budding from their walls - Considered the beginning of the respiratory zone - Divide into 2-10 alveolar ducts - End in alveolar sacs - Atrium: clusters of alveoli around a central spac
65
- Alveoli
- There are 150 million alveoli in each lung - Each alveolus surrounded by a basket of capillaries - Afferent, pulmonary arteriole - Efferent, pulmonary venue
66
- Types of cells in alveolus
squamous alveolar great alveolar alveolar macrophages
67
- Squamous alveolar (type 1)
- Squamous - Thin cells allow rapid gas diffusion between air and blood - Cover 95% of alveolus surface area
68
- Great alveolar (type 2)
- Round to cuboidal cells that cover 5% of alveolar surface - Repair the alveolar epithelium when the squamous cells are damaged - Secrete pulmonary surfactant
69
- Respiratory membrane
- Thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood
70
3 layers of respiratory membrane
- Squamous alveolar cells - Endothelial cells of blood capillary - Their shared basement membrane
71
3 types of plurae
visceral parietal pleural
72
- Visceral pleura
- Serous membrane that covers the lungs
73
- Parietal pleura
- Adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm
74
- Pleural cavity
- Potential space between pleurae - Contains a film of slippery pleural fluid

Anatomy (19 decks)

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