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Anatomy > Ch 23 Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Ch 23 Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of respiratory system

A
  • Air Distributor
  • Gas exchange
  • Filters, warms, and humidifies air
  • Influences speech
  • Allows for sense of smell
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2
Q

Upper respiratory tract features 4 main

A

Head and neck
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx

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3
Q

Paranasal sinuses features

A
  • Frontal sinus
    - Sphenoidal sinus
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4
Q

Pharynx features

A
  • Nasopharynx
    - Oropharynx
    - Laryngopharynx
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4
Q

Larynx features

A
  • Epiglottis
    - Thyroid cartilage
    - Cricoid cartilage
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5
Q

Lower respiratory tract mains

A

Thorax

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6
Q

thorax features

A
  • Trachea
    - Bronchi
    - Lungs
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7
Q

All incoming air stops where

A

alveoli

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8
Q

2 zones of the functional division

A

conducting zone
respiratory zone

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9
Q

conducting zone function

A
  • Passages that serve only for airflow
    • No gas exchange
    • Nostrils to major bronchioles
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10
Q

respiratory zone function

A
  • Alveoli and other minimal gas exchange regions
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11
Q

main conducting airway for inhaled air…

A

the nose

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12
Q

3 anatomical portions of the nose

A

superior half
inferior half
ala nasi

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13
Q

superior half of nose

A
  • Nasal bones maxillae
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14
Q

inferior half of nose

A
  • Lateral and alar cartilages
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15
Q
  • Ala nasi
A
  • Flared portion at lower end of nose
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16
Q

to coronae

A

posterior region, opening to nasopharynx

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17
Q

vestibule

A
  • Beginning of nasal cavity
    - Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
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18
Q
  • Vibrissae
A
  • Stiff hairs, blocking debris
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19
Q
  • Nasal fossae
A
  • Right and left halves of nasal cavity
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20
Q
  • Nasal septum
A
  • Bone and hyaline cartilage
    - Vomer forms inferior region
    - Perpendicular plate of ethmoid forms superior region
    - Septal cartilage forms anterior region
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21
Q
  • Roof of nasal cavity
A
  • Ethmoid bone
    - Sphenoid bones
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22
Q
  • Floor of nasal cavity has what bones
A
  • Hard plate
    - Maxillary bones
    - Palatine bones
    - Seperates nasal cavity from the oral cavity
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23
Q
  • Nasal conchae
A
  • Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
    - Project from lateral walls toward septum
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24
Q

meatus

A

narrow air passage below each concha

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25
Q
  • Erectile tissue (swell body)
A
  • Venous plexus in inferior
    - Swelling every 30 to 60 minutes
    - Restricts airflow in one fosse and directs air through other
    - Recover from drying
    - Air shifts between the right and left nostrils once or twice an hour
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26
Q
  • Nasal mucosa
A
  • Respiratory epithelium
    - Epithelial layer
    - Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
    - Goblet cells produce mucus
    - Cilia, propel mucus posterior toward pharynx
    - Mucus swallowed into digestive tract
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27
Q
  • Olfactory epithelium
A
  • Sensory neurons - detects odors
    - Immobile cilia bind odorant molecules
    - Small area of the roof of the nasal cavity, adjacent parts of the septum and superior concha
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28
Q

the pharynx extends…

A
  • Muscular funnel (5 in.) extending from choanae to larynx
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29
Q

3 regions of pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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30
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • Above soft plate
    - Receives auditory tubes
    - Contains pharyngeal tonsil
31
Q

oropharynx

A
  • Between soft palate and epiglottis
    - Opening of oral cavity into oropharynx is the faucet
    - Contains palatine tonsils
32
Q

laryngopharynx

A
  • Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
    - Esophagus begins at the point
33
Q

the larynx function

A
  • Cartilaginous chamber ~ 4 cm long
    - Primary functions is to keep food and drink out of airway
    - In animals has evolved the role of phonation - the production of sound
34
Q
  • Epiglottis
A
  • Flap of tissue that guards superior opening of larynx
    - At rest stands almost vertically
    - During swallowing, extrinsic muscles pull larynx upward
    - Tongue pushes epiglottis down to meet it
35
Q

name the three solitary and large cartilage (superior to inferior)

A
  • Epiglottic cartilage
    - Most superior
    - Thyroid cartilage
    - Laryngeal prominence
    - Cricoid cartilage
    - Ring-like
    - Connects larynx to trachea
36
Q
  • Three smaller, paired cartilages
A
  • Arytenoid cartilages
    - Posterior to thyroid cartilage
    - Cornciulate cartilages
    - Attached to arytenoid cartilages like a pair of little horns
    - Cuneiform cartilages
    - Support soft tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis
37
Q
  • Internal structures of larynx
A
  • Interior wall has two folds on each side
    - Extends from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages
38
Q
  • Superior vestibular folds
A
  • Play no role in speech
    - Close larynx during swallowing
39
Q
  • Inferior vocal cords
A
  • Produce sound when air passes between them
    - Contain vocal ligaments
    - Covered with stratified squamous
40
Q
  • Functions of nasal cavity
A
  • Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air
    • Detects odors
    • Resonating chamber
41
Q
  • Trachea location
A
  • Anterior to esophagus
    • Formed by 16-0 rings of hyaline cartilage
42
Q

what does the hyaline cartilage do

A
  • Flexible, allows esophagus to expand
    - Opening in c-rings faces posteriorly
    - Tracheal muscles opens the rings
43
Q

what do tracheal muscles do

A
  • Contracts or relaxes to adjust airflow
    - Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
44
Q
  • Mucociliary escalator
A
  • Mechanism for debris removal
    - Mucus traps inhaled particles
    - Upward beating cilia moves mucus to pharynx to be swallowed
45
Q
  • Main Bronchi
A
  • Right and left main bronchi
    - Trachea forks at level of sternal angle
46
Q

carinaa (internal ridge at edge of trachea)

A
  • Directs the airflow to the right and left
47
Q
  • Intubation
A
  • Patient on a ventilator, air goes directly into trachea
    - Air must be filtered and humidified
48
Q
  • Tracheotomy
A
  • Surgical temporary opening in trachea - tube the allows airflow
    - A permanent opening is called a tracheostomy
    - Prevents asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction
49
Q

base of lungs

A

broad concave portion resting on diaphragm

50
Q

apex of lungs

A

tip the projects above clavicle

51
Q

costal surface of lungs

A

pressed against the ribcage

52
Q

mediastinal surface of lungs

A

faces medially toward the heart

53
Q

hilum of lungs

A
  • slit for entering main broncos, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
    - Structures near hilum constitute root of lung
54
Q

Right lung

A
  • Shorter than left because liver rises higher on the right
    - Three lobes, separated by horizontal and oblique fissures
    - Superior
    - Middle
    - Inferior
55
Q
  • Left lung
A
  • Tall and narrow
    - Has indentation-cardiacimpression
    - The heart occupies more space on mediastinum
    - Has two lobes separated by single oblique fissure
    - Superior
    - Fissure
56
Q
  • Bronchial Tree
A
  • Branching system of air tubes in each lung
    - From main bronchus to 65,000 ternimal bronchioles
57
Q
  • Main (primary) bronchi
A
  • Arise from fork of trachea
58
Q
  • Right main bronchus
A
  • Wider and more vertical than left
    - Left main branches is 5cm long
    - Right main bronchus 2 to 3 cm long
59
Q
  • Lobar and segmental bronchi
A
  • Supported by crescent shaped cartilage plates
60
Q
  • Lobar (secondary) bronchi
A
  • Three right lobar (secondary) bronchi: superior, middle, inferior
    - Two left lobar bronchi: superior and inferior
61
Q
  • Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
A
  • 10 on right, 8 on left
    - Bronchopulmonary segment, functionally independent unit of the lung tissue
62
Q
  • Bronchioles
A
  • 1 mm or less in diameter
    - Pulmonary lobule: portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole
    - Divides into 50 to 80 terminal bronchioles
63
Q
  • Terminal bronchioles
A
  • Final branches of conducting zone
    - Measure .5mm or less in diameter
    - Have no mucous glands or goblet cells
    - Have cilia that move mucus draining into them back by mucociliary escalator
    - Each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller respiratory bronchioles
64
Q
  • Respiratory bronchioles
A
  • Have alveoli budding from their walls
    - Considered the beginning of the respiratory zone
    - Divide into 2-10 alveolar ducts
    - End in alveolar sacs
    - Atrium: clusters of alveoli around a central spac
65
Q
  • Alveoli
A
  • There are 150 million alveoli in each lung
    - Each alveolus surrounded by a basket of capillaries
    - Afferent, pulmonary arteriole
    - Efferent, pulmonary venue
66
Q
  • Types of cells in alveolus
A

squamous alveolar
great alveolar
alveolar macrophages

67
Q
  • Squamous alveolar (type 1)
A
  • Squamous
    - Thin cells allow rapid gas diffusion between air and blood
    - Cover 95% of alveolus surface area
68
Q
  • Great alveolar (type 2)
A
  • Round to cuboidal cells that cover 5% of alveolar surface
    - Repair the alveolar epithelium when the squamous cells are damaged
    - Secrete pulmonary surfactant
69
Q
  • Respiratory membrane
A
  • Thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood
70
Q

3 layers of respiratory membrane

A
  • Squamous alveolar cells
    - Endothelial cells of blood capillary
    - Their shared basement membrane
71
Q

3 types of plurae

A

visceral
parietal
pleural

72
Q
  • Visceral pleura
A
  • Serous membrane that covers the lungs
73
Q
  • Parietal pleura
A
  • Adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm
74
Q
  • Pleural cavity
A
  • Potential space between pleurae
    - Contains a film of slippery pleural fluid

Anatomy (19 decks)

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