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Clinical Chem - Vic > Ch 5 Lab book - urinalysis > Flashcards

Ch 5 Lab book - urinalysis Flashcards

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1
Q

Pigments that give color to urine are called?

A

urochromes

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2
Q

______ is defined as an increase in the frequency of urination.

A

pollakiuria

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3
Q

A decrease in the volume of urine produced is called ___.

A

oliguria

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4
Q

A ____ urine sample is best collected as the animal urinates.

A

voided

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5
Q

____ is a method of collecting urine for culture and sensitivity and can be used if a ______ cannot be performed.

A

Catheterization cystocentesis

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6
Q

____ occurs when the urine specific gravity approaches that of glomerular filtrate (1.008 to 1.012).

A

Isosthenuria - urine with specific gravity has not been concentrated or diluted by the kidneys. Animals with chronic renal disease frequently produce isosthenuric urine

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7
Q

____ properties of urine include volume, color odor, turbidity, and specific gravity.

A

physical

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8
Q

An increase in the total volume of urine produced is called_____

A

polyuria

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9
Q

____ properties of urine are usually evaluated with the use of reagent strips or reagent tablets.

A

Chemical

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10
Q

A ____ crystal is commonly seen in alkaline to slightly acidic urine; sometimes referred to as a triple phosphate crystal.

A

struvite

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11
Q

_____ ____ crystals are commonly seen in the urine of rabbits and horses.

A

Calcium carbonate

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12
Q

The presence of calculi (stones) in the urinary tract is called _____

A

urolithiasis

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13
Q

___ ____ crystals are formed in the acidic and neutral urine; commonly resemble the back of an envelope.

A

Calcium oxalate

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14
Q

___ are formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney, where the concentration and acidity of urine are greatest.

A

Casts

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15
Q

The three types of ____ cells found in urinary sediment are squamous, transitional, and renal.

A

epithelial

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16
Q

What cells are smaller than a WBC; may be smooth, and biconcave disk shape?

A

erythrocytes

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17
Q

What is the term used for presence of RBCs in urine?

A

hematuria

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18
Q

What term is used when urine specific gravity approaches glomerular filtrate?

A

Isosthenuria

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19
Q

Crystals referred to as triple phosphate crystals are called?

A

struvite

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20
Q

Type of water used to calibrate a refractometer?

A

distilled water

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21
Q

Protein found in muscle; urine is very dark brown in color?

A

myoglobin

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22
Q

Cells larger than RBCs and smaller than renal epithelial cells?

A

leukocytes

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23
Q

Instrument used to determine specific gravity?

A

refractometer

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24
Q

What is the term used to mean sterile collection of urine; can be used for culture and sensitivity?

A

cystocentesis

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25
Q

pH above 7.0?

A

alkaline

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26
Q

Formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney?

A

casts

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27
Q

Presence of crystals in urine?

A

crystalluria

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28
Q

Stain used for observing cells in urine sediment?

A

Sedi-stain

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29
Q

Physical properties of urine include color, odor, turbidity, specific gravity, and ____.

A

volume

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30
Q

____ bodies formed during incomplete catabolism of fatty acids?

A

ketone

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31
Q

Describe the methods used to collect urine?

A

voided (free catch), bladder expression, catheterization, cystocentesis

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32
Q

Describe catheterization?

A

insert a catheter (i.e. rubber) into the bladder by way of urethra

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33
Q

Describe cystocentesis?

A

palpate bladder, use 22 or 20 gauge needle, once needle is inserted, it should never be redirected because of potential damage to other organs insert needle into the caudal abdomen & direct dorsocaudally for males dogs - insert needle caudal to the umbilicus to the side of the sheath for females dogs and cats - insert needle on the ventral midline, caudal to the umbilicus

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34
Q

Describe bladder expression?

A

clean external genitalia, the bladder is palpated and gentle steady pressure is applied

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35
Q

List the physical properties evaluated in a urinalysis?

A

color, odor, turbidity (or transparency, volume, specific gravity

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36
Q

Why is horse urine normally cloudy?

A

because of the high concentration of calcium carbonate crystals and mucus secreted by glands in the renal pelvis

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37
Q

Why is it important to use a fresh urine sample when performing a complete urinalysis?

A

so accurate results can be obtained - avoid postcollection artifacts and degenerative changes - decreased glucose and bilirubin concentrations, increased sample turbidity, the breakdown of casts and RBCs (especially in dilute or alkaline urine) and bacterial proliferation may occur in samples that stand for long periods at room temperature

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38
Q

What should be performed to a refractometer before each use?

A

calibration with distilled water before each use or each day

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39
Q

Define specific gravity?

A

the weight (density) of a quantity of liquid as compared with that of an equal amount of distilled water

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40
Q

List the factors that may cause a decrease as well as an increase in the urine pH.

A

diet, excitement/stress, fever, starvation, excessive muscular activity, certain drugs, UTI with urease bacteria, urine retention

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41
Q

When preparing urine sediment for microscopic exam, what is the maximum amount of urine (in mL) that should be place into a labedled conical centrifuge tube? How long and at what speed should a urine sample be centrifuged?

A

5 - 10 mL 1000 to 2000 rpm 3 - 5 min.

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42
Q

When examining urine sediment under a microscope, what objective should be used?

A

10x at first, then 40x high/dry

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43
Q

What type of crystals may be seen in acidic and alkaline urine?

A

ammonium biurate, amorphous phosphate, amorphous urate, bilirubin, calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, cystine, leucine, triple phosphate, tryosine, uric acid

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44
Q

What type of crystals are acidic in urine?

A

ammonium biurate (slightly), amorphous urate, bilirubin, calcium oxalate, cystine, leucine, triple phosphate (slightly), tyrosine, uric acid

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45
Q

What type of crystals are alkaline in urine?

A

ammonium biurate, amorphous phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, triple phosphate,

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46
Q

Describe struvite crystals?

A

8-sided prisms with tapered ends

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47
Q

Describe calcium oxalate?

A

small squares with x across crystal

48
Q

Describe uric acid crystals?

A

diamond or rhomboid

49
Q

Describe amorphous urates crystals?

A

appear as granular precipitate in acidic urine

50
Q

Describe amorphous phosphates crystals

A

appear as granular precipitate (alkaline)

51
Q

Describe calcium carbonate crystals?

A

round with lines radiating from center

52
Q

Describe ammonium biurate crystals?

A

long irregular spicules

53
Q

Describe cystine crystals?

A

flat six-sided, colorless, thin

54
Q

Describe tyrosine crystals?

A

dark, with needlelike projections

55
Q

Describe leucine crystals?

A

wheel or pincushion shaped and yellow or brown in color (animals with liver disease have these crystals in their urine)

56
Q

Sulfonamide crystals?

A

round and usually dark, with individual crystals radiating from the center

57
Q

What do crystals look like that are assoicated with Melamine toxicity?

A

golden-brown round to oval crystals with radial striations

58
Q

Describe the characteristics of an erthrocyte in fresh urine sediment when examining it under the microscope?

A

small, round, usually smooth edged somewhat refractile and yellow or orange but may be colorless

59
Q

Describe the characteristics of a leukocyte in fresh urine when examining it under a microscope?

A

spherical and can have a dull gray or greenish-yellow color

60
Q

List the 5 main types of casts seen in urine sediment.

A

hyaline , epithelial, leukocyte, granular, erythrocyte

61
Q

Provide a brief description hylaine casts seen in urine sediment.

A

-clear, colorless and somewhat transparent composed only of protein -difficult to see except in dim light and easier to see in stained sediment -cylindrical, with parallel sides and usually rounded ends

62
Q

Provide a brief description epithelial casts seen in urine sediment.

A

v

63
Q

Provide a brief description of lekocyte casts?

A

the presence of WBCs - mostly neutrophils and can be identified unless cellular degeneration has occurred

64
Q

Provide a description of granular casts?

A

contains granules, coarse or fine in appearance

65
Q

Provide a description for erythrocyte casts?

A

deep yellow to orange in color, RBC membrances may or may not be visible

66
Q

List the 3 types of epithelial cells found in urine sediment from largest to smallest.

A

Squamous, transitional, renal

67
Q

Describe renal threshold.

A

when the nephron has a specific limit for the reabsorption of specific substances

68
Q

List 6 changes to urine as it sits at room temperature for more than 1 hour?

A

decreased glucose and bilirubin concentrations, increased pH, crystal formation with increased turbidity, breakdown of casts and RBCs and bacterial proliferation, crystal formation

69
Q

Normal urine output for both canines and felines is ___ mL pound in 24 hours.

A

20 - 40 mL/kg body weight per day

convert to pounds = 44 to 88 mL/lb

70
Q

Glucose in the urine is called ____ or ____.

A

glucosuria or glycosuria

71
Q

List 6 causes of ketonuria.

A

diabetes mellitus, high-fat diets, fasting, long-term anorexia, impaired liver function, starvation

72
Q

Define hematuria?

A

a sign of disease that is causing bleeding somewhere in the urogenital tract

73
Q

Define hemoglobinuria.

A

indicates intravascular hemolysis

74
Q

How can hemoglobinuria be differentiated from hematuria?

A

hematoglobinuria may be a result of hemoglobin entering the urine through the glomerulus where hematuria is bleeding somewhere in urogential tract

75
Q

Squamous epithelial cells originate in the ___ ____, vagina, ___ or ___.

A

distal urethra

vulva or prepuce

76
Q

In concentrated urine, erythrocytes will _______.

A

shrink or crenate

77
Q

Define ghost cells

A

very pale,colorless, lysed

78
Q

Where do transitional epithelial cells orginate from?

A

come from the bladder, the ureters & renal pelvis and the proximal urethra

79
Q

How are granular casts formed?

A

come from tubular epithelial cells, RBCs, WBCs, that became incorporated in the cast and then degenerated

80
Q

Name the type of urinary crystal most commonly assocated with ethylene glycol poisoning.

A

calcium oxalate - monohydrate

81
Q

Describe the characteristics of a squamous epithelial cells.

A

derived from the distal urethra, vagina, vulva, or prepuse occasionally found in voided samples

flat, then cells with a homogenous appearance, largest cells found in urine sediment

82
Q

Describe the characteristics of transitional epithelial cells and explain where it is derived from.

A

they come form the bladder, the ureters, the renal pelvis, and the proximal urethra. They are round, pear-shaped or caudate, granular, have small nuclei and are larger than WBCs -smaller than squamous

83
Q

Describe the characteristics of a waxy cast.

A

resemble hyaline casts but wider with square ends and a dull homogenous, waxy appearance, colorless or gray and highly refractile

84
Q

What is the pH of a struvite?

A

alkaline to slightly acidic

85
Q

Describe the shape of a struvite crystal?

A

coffin lid, occasionally a fern-leaf shape

86
Q

What pH is amorphous phosphate crystals found in?

A

neutral to alkaline 7.2 up

87
Q

What two species are calcium carbonate crystals normally seen in?

A

horses and rabbits

88
Q

What pH is ammonium biurate crystals?

A

slightly acidic, neutral or alkaline urine

89
Q

Describe the shape of ammonium biurate crystals?

A

round with long, irregular spicules

90
Q

What pH is calcium oxalate dihydrate found in?

A

acidic, neutral and alkaline

91
Q

Describe the shape of calcium oxalate dihydrate.

A

small squares and contains an X across the crystal

92
Q

Describe the shape of uric acid crystals?

A

a variety of shapes, usually diamond or rhomboid

93
Q

What pH is the Tyrosine crystal?

A

acidic

94
Q

Describe hte characteristics of this crystal.

A

dark, with needlelike projections, and are highly refractile found in clusters

95
Q

What pH is Cystine crystals found in?

A

acidic

96
Q

Describe the cystine crystal.

A

acidic

97
Q

Describe the shape of the cystine crystal.

A

thin, flat, six-sided (hexagonal)

98
Q

What is the scientific name for bladder worm of dogs and cats?

A

Pearsonema plica

99
Q

What is the scientific name for heartworm in dogs?

A

Dirofilaria immitis

100
Q

What is the scientific name for kidney worm in dogs?

A

Dioctophyma renale

101
Q

___ bilirubin does not pass thorugh the glomerulus into the renal filtrate andis not water soluble.

A

unconjugated

102
Q

Calcium ____ crystals are seen in urne of animals poisoned with ethylene glycol.

A

oxylate

103
Q

Calcium carbonate crystals are commonly seen inthe horse and ___.

A

rabbit

104
Q

Animals with liver disease may have these crystals; wheel or pincushion shape.

A

Leucine

105
Q

A result of intravascular hemolysis.

A

hemaglobinuria

106
Q

Conditions that lead to crystal formation may also cause formation of urinary ____.

A

calculi

107
Q

Seen in the urine sediment of ntact male animals.

A

spermatozoa

108
Q

Often seen with traumatic catherization or bladder expression.

A

proteinuria

109
Q

Type of bilirubin found in urine.

A

conjugated

110
Q

Crystal that resembles a coffin lid.

A

Struvite

111
Q

Seen in horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis.

A

myoglobinuria

112
Q

Largest of the epithelial cells.

A

squamous

113
Q

___ plica is a bladder worm of dogs and cats.

A

Capillaria plica or dioctophyma renale

114
Q

Smallest epithelial cell observed in urine.

A

renal

115
Q

ph below 7.0

A

acidic

116
Q

Occurs in animals with diatetes mellitus.

A

ketonuria - because the animal lacks the insulin necessary for carbohydrate metabolism, fat is broken down to meet the animal’s needs and excess ketones are excreted in the urine

117
Q
A

Clinical Chem - Vic (29 decks)

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