Ch 5 Lab book - urinalysis Flashcards
1
Q
Pigments that give color to urine are called?
A
urochromes
2
Q
______ is defined as an increase in the frequency of urination.
A
pollakiuria
3
Q
A decrease in the volume of urine produced is called ___.
A
oliguria
4
Q
A ____ urine sample is best collected as the animal urinates.
A
voided
5
Q
____ is a method of collecting urine for culture and sensitivity and can be used if a ______ cannot be performed.
A
Catheterization cystocentesis
6
Q
____ occurs when the urine specific gravity approaches that of glomerular filtrate (1.008 to 1.012).
A
Isosthenuria - urine with specific gravity has not been concentrated or diluted by the kidneys. Animals with chronic renal disease frequently produce isosthenuric urine
7
Q
____ properties of urine include volume, color odor, turbidity, and specific gravity.
A
physical
8
Q
An increase in the total volume of urine produced is called_____
A
polyuria
9
Q
____ properties of urine are usually evaluated with the use of reagent strips or reagent tablets.
A
Chemical
10
Q
A ____ crystal is commonly seen in alkaline to slightly acidic urine; sometimes referred to as a triple phosphate crystal.
A
struvite
11
Q
_____ ____ crystals are commonly seen in the urine of rabbits and horses.
A
Calcium carbonate
12
Q
The presence of calculi (stones) in the urinary tract is called _____
A
urolithiasis
13
Q
___ ____ crystals are formed in the acidic and neutral urine; commonly resemble the back of an envelope.
A
Calcium oxalate
14
Q
___ are formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney, where the concentration and acidity of urine are greatest.
A
Casts
15
Q
The three types of ____ cells found in urinary sediment are squamous, transitional, and renal.
A
epithelial
16
Q
What cells are smaller than a WBC; may be smooth, and biconcave disk shape?
A
erythrocytes
17
Q
What is the term used for presence of RBCs in urine?
A
hematuria
18
Q
What term is used when urine specific gravity approaches glomerular filtrate?
A
Isosthenuria
19
Q
Crystals referred to as triple phosphate crystals are called?
A
struvite
20
Q
Type of water used to calibrate a refractometer?
A
distilled water
21
Q
Protein found in muscle; urine is very dark brown in color?
A
myoglobin
22
Q
Cells larger than RBCs and smaller than renal epithelial cells?
A
leukocytes
23
Q
Instrument used to determine specific gravity?
A
refractometer
24
Q
What is the term used to mean sterile collection of urine; can be used for culture and sensitivity?
A
cystocentesis
25
pH above 7.0?
alkaline
26
Formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney?
casts
27
Presence of crystals in urine?
crystalluria
28
Stain used for observing cells in urine sediment?
Sedi-stain
29
Physical properties of urine include color, odor, turbidity, specific gravity, and \_\_\_\_.
volume
30
\_\_\_\_ bodies formed during incomplete catabolism of fatty acids?
ketone
31
Describe the methods used to collect urine?
voided (free catch), bladder expression, catheterization, cystocentesis
32
Describe catheterization?
insert a catheter (i.e. rubber) into the bladder by way of urethra
33
Describe cystocentesis?
palpate bladder, use 22 or 20 gauge needle, once needle is inserted, it should never be redirected because of potential damage to other organs insert needle into the caudal abdomen & direct dorsocaudally for males dogs - insert needle caudal to the umbilicus to the side of the sheath for females dogs and cats - insert needle on the ventral midline, caudal to the umbilicus
34
Describe bladder expression?
clean external genitalia, the bladder is palpated and gentle steady pressure is applied
35
List the physical properties evaluated in a urinalysis?
color, odor, turbidity (or transparency, volume, specific gravity
36
Why is horse urine normally cloudy?
because of the high concentration of calcium carbonate crystals and mucus secreted by glands in the renal pelvis
37
Why is it important to use a fresh urine sample when performing a complete urinalysis?
so accurate results can be obtained - avoid postcollection artifacts and degenerative changes - decreased glucose and bilirubin concentrations, increased sample turbidity, the breakdown of casts and RBCs (especially in dilute or alkaline urine) and bacterial proliferation may occur in samples that stand for long periods at room temperature
38
What should be performed to a refractometer before each use?
calibration with distilled water before each use or each day
39
Define specific gravity?
the weight (density) of a quantity of liquid as compared with that of an equal amount of distilled water
40
List the factors that may cause a decrease as well as an increase in the urine pH.
diet, excitement/stress, fever, starvation, excessive muscular activity, certain drugs, UTI with urease bacteria, urine retention
41
When preparing urine sediment for microscopic exam, what is the maximum amount of urine (in mL) that should be place into a labedled conical centrifuge tube? How long and at what speed should a urine sample be centrifuged?
5 - 10 mL 1000 to 2000 rpm 3 - 5 min.
42
When examining urine sediment under a microscope, what objective should be used?
10x at first, then 40x high/dry
43
What type of crystals may be seen in acidic and alkaline urine?
ammonium biurate, amorphous phosphate, amorphous urate, bilirubin, calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, cystine, leucine, triple phosphate, tryosine, uric acid
44
What type of crystals are acidic in urine?
ammonium biurate (slightly), amorphous urate, bilirubin, calcium oxalate, cystine, leucine, triple phosphate (slightly), tyrosine, uric acid
45
What type of crystals are alkaline in urine?
ammonium biurate, amorphous phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, triple phosphate,
46
Describe struvite crystals?
8-sided prisms with tapered ends
47
Describe calcium oxalate?
small squares with x across crystal
48
Describe uric acid crystals?
diamond or rhomboid
49
Describe amorphous urates crystals?
appear as granular precipitate in acidic urine
50
Describe amorphous phosphates crystals
appear as granular precipitate (alkaline)
51
Describe calcium carbonate crystals?
round with lines radiating from center
52
Describe ammonium biurate crystals?
long irregular spicules
53
Describe cystine crystals?
flat six-sided, colorless, thin
54
Describe tyrosine crystals?
dark, with needlelike projections
55
Describe leucine crystals?
wheel or pincushion shaped and yellow or brown in color (animals with liver disease have these crystals in their urine)
56
Sulfonamide crystals?
round and usually dark, with individual crystals radiating from the center
57
What do crystals look like that are assoicated with Melamine toxicity?
golden-brown round to oval crystals with radial striations
58
Describe the characteristics of an erthrocyte in fresh urine sediment when examining it under the microscope?
small, round, usually smooth edged somewhat refractile and yellow or orange but may be colorless
59
Describe the characteristics of a leukocyte in fresh urine when examining it under a microscope?
spherical and can have a dull gray or greenish-yellow color
60
List the 5 main types of casts seen in urine sediment.
hyaline , epithelial, leukocyte, granular, erythrocyte
61
Provide a brief description hylaine casts seen in urine sediment.
-clear, colorless and somewhat transparent composed only of protein -difficult to see except in dim light and easier to see in stained sediment -cylindrical, with parallel sides and usually rounded ends
62
Provide a brief description epithelial casts seen in urine sediment.
v
63
Provide a brief description of lekocyte casts?
the presence of WBCs - mostly neutrophils and can be identified unless cellular degeneration has occurred
64
Provide a description of granular casts?
contains granules, coarse or fine in appearance
65
Provide a description for erythrocyte casts?
deep yellow to orange in color, RBC membrances may or may not be visible
66
List the 3 types of epithelial cells found in urine sediment from largest to smallest.
Squamous, transitional, renal
67
Describe renal threshold.
when the nephron has a specific limit for the reabsorption of specific substances
68
List 6 changes to urine as it sits at room temperature for more than 1 hour?
decreased glucose and bilirubin concentrations, increased pH, crystal formation with increased turbidity, breakdown of casts and RBCs and bacterial proliferation, crystal formation
69
Normal urine output for both canines and felines is ___ mL pound in 24 hours.
20 - 40 mL/kg body weight per day
convert to pounds = 44 to 88 mL/lb
70
Glucose in the urine is called ____ or \_\_\_\_.
glucosuria or glycosuria
71
List 6 causes of ketonuria.
diabetes mellitus, high-fat diets, fasting, long-term anorexia, impaired liver function, starvation
72
Define hematuria?
a sign of disease that is causing bleeding somewhere in the urogenital tract
73
Define hemoglobinuria.
indicates intravascular hemolysis
74
How can hemoglobinuria be differentiated from hematuria?
hematoglobinuria may be a result of hemoglobin entering the urine through the glomerulus where hematuria is bleeding somewhere in urogential tract
75
Squamous epithelial cells originate in the ___ \_\_\_\_, vagina, ___ or \_\_\_.
distal urethra
vulva or prepuce
76
In concentrated urine, erythrocytes will \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
shrink or crenate
77
Define ghost cells
very pale,colorless, lysed
78
Where do transitional epithelial cells orginate from?
come from the bladder, the ureters & renal pelvis and the proximal urethra
79
How are granular casts formed?
come from tubular epithelial cells, RBCs, WBCs, that became incorporated in the cast and then degenerated
80
Name the type of urinary crystal most commonly assocated with ethylene glycol poisoning.
calcium oxalate - monohydrate
81
Describe the characteristics of a squamous epithelial cells.
derived from the distal urethra, vagina, vulva, or prepuse occasionally found in voided samples
flat, then cells with a homogenous appearance, largest cells found in urine sediment
82
Describe the characteristics of transitional epithelial cells and explain where it is derived from.
they come form the bladder, the ureters, the renal pelvis, and the proximal urethra. They are round, pear-shaped or caudate, granular, have small nuclei and are larger than WBCs -smaller than squamous
83
Describe the characteristics of a waxy cast.
resemble hyaline casts but wider with square ends and a dull homogenous, waxy appearance, colorless or gray and highly refractile
84
What is the pH of a struvite?
alkaline to slightly acidic
85
Describe the shape of a struvite crystal?
coffin lid, occasionally a fern-leaf shape
86
What pH is amorphous phosphate crystals found in?
neutral to alkaline 7.2 up
87
What two species are calcium carbonate crystals normally seen in?
horses and rabbits
88
What pH is ammonium biurate crystals?
slightly acidic, neutral or alkaline urine
89
Describe the shape of ammonium biurate crystals?
round with long, irregular spicules
90
What pH is calcium oxalate dihydrate found in?
acidic, neutral and alkaline
91
Describe the shape of calcium oxalate dihydrate.
small squares and contains an X across the crystal
92
Describe the shape of uric acid crystals?
a variety of shapes, usually diamond or rhomboid
93
What pH is the Tyrosine crystal?
acidic
94
Describe hte characteristics of this crystal.
dark, with needlelike projections, and are highly refractile found in clusters
95
What pH is Cystine crystals found in?
acidic
96
Describe the cystine crystal.
acidic
97
Describe the shape of the cystine crystal.
thin, flat, six-sided (hexagonal)
98
What is the scientific name for bladder worm of dogs and cats?
Pearsonema plica
99
What is the scientific name for heartworm in dogs?
Dirofilaria immitis
100
What is the scientific name for kidney worm in dogs?
Dioctophyma renale
101
\_\_\_ bilirubin does not pass thorugh the glomerulus into the renal filtrate andis not water soluble.
unconjugated
102
Calcium ____ crystals are seen in urne of animals poisoned with ethylene glycol.
oxylate
103
Calcium carbonate crystals are commonly seen inthe horse and \_\_\_.
rabbit
104
Animals with liver disease may have these crystals; wheel or pincushion shape.
Leucine
105
A result of intravascular hemolysis.
hemaglobinuria
106
Conditions that lead to crystal formation may also cause formation of urinary \_\_\_\_.
calculi
107
Seen in the urine sediment of ntact male animals.
spermatozoa
108
Often seen with traumatic catherization or bladder expression.
proteinuria
109
Type of bilirubin found in urine.
conjugated
110
Crystal that resembles a coffin lid.
Struvite
111
Seen in horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis.
myoglobinuria
112
Largest of the epithelial cells.
squamous
113
\_\_\_ plica is a bladder worm of dogs and cats.
Capillaria plica or dioctophyma renale
114
Smallest epithelial cell observed in urine.
renal
115
ph below 7.0
acidic
116
Occurs in animals with diatetes mellitus.
ketonuria - because the animal lacks the insulin necessary for carbohydrate metabolism, fat is broken down to meet the animal's needs and excess ketones are excreted in the urine
117
