Ch 25 - Anatomy of Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What does a urinalysis evaluate?

A

the physical and chemical properties of urine

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2
Q

What information does an urinalysis provide?

A

the status of the urinary system, the metabolic and endocrine systems, and the electrolyte and hydration status

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3
Q

The urinary system consists of?

A

2 kidneys (R, L), 2 ureters (R, L), 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra

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4
Q

The urinary system is the?

A

primary means by which wast products are removed from the blood

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5
Q

The left and right kidney are located where in the body?

A

in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity (retroperitoneal), just ventral to the most cranial lumbar vertebrae

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6
Q

Most animals have what shaped kidneys? Horse has what shape? Bovine have what shape?

A

bean-shaped, heart shaped, lobulated appearance

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7
Q

Where does the blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and ureter enter and leave the kidney?

A

through the indented area called the hilus

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8
Q

A rough-appearing outer ____ is wrapped around a smooth appearing inner ____.

A

cortex, medulla

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9
Q

The area deep to the hilus region is the ____ ____, which is the funnel-like beginning of the ureter

A

renal pevis

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10
Q

The work of the kidneys is done in the?

A

nephrons

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11
Q

What is nephron?

A

a tube with several bends

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12
Q

The nephron has what parts?

A

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct (tubule)

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13
Q

Each renal corpuscle is composed of?

A

a glomerulus surrounded by a Bowman’s capsule

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14
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

a tuff of capillaries between the arterioles that enter and leave the renal corpuscle

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15
Q

What is the renal threshold?

A

a specific limit for the resorption of specific substances - the excess is not reabsorbed and is instead excreted in the urine, when fluid reaches the collecting tubules, it is urine, collecting ducts drain in to the renal pelvis which connects to the ureter

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16
Q

Collecting tubules of all nephrons do what?

A

drain urine into the renal pelvis to the opening of the ureter

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17
Q

Blood enters the renal corpuscle and is filtered?

A
  • through the glomerulus (plasma and wastes)
  • through the rest of the nephron (filtered fluid passes)
  • reabsorbed back into the body as needed (water and glucose)
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18
Q

What are ureters?

A

muscular tubes that conduct the urine via smooth-muscle contractions. Enter bladder at oblique angles

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19
Q

The urinary bladder is a?

A

muscular sac lined with transitional epithelial cells that stores urine and releases it periodically to the outside during urination.

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20
Q

What release the urine outside the body?

A

a spinal reflex then initiates the contraction of the smooth muscle in the bladder wall. Sphincter muscle around the neck of the urinary bladder enables conscious control of urination

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21
Q

The urethra is the tube that?

A

carries urine form the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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22
Q

Females have what kind of urethra?

A

short and straight, wide and strictly functions in urination

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23
Q

Males have what kind of urethra?

A

long, curved, and narrow and serves both urinary and reproductive functions

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24
Q

Volume of urine produced is controlled by what 2 hormones?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (released from the posterior pituitary gland, and aldosterone (secreted by the adrenal cortex)

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25
The antidiuretic hormone acts on what?
the collecting ducts to promote the reabsorption of water
26
Alterations in water volume may involve decreased in production called?
oliguria
27
Alterations in water volume may involve an increase in production called?
polyuria
28
Alterations in water volume may involve an absence in production of urine called?
anuria
29
What are the types of collection methods?
voided or free catch, expression - also voided urine urinary catheterization cystocentesis collection from surface
30
When placing a catheter in a female animal, what improves visualization of the urethra orifice and thus facilitates the catheterization?
a speculum
31
What can stimulate dogs, cats, cows, horses, and sheep?
dogs - the scent of other dogs cats - nonabsorbent granules in litter box cattle - rub straw or hand ventral to vulva in a circular fashion horses - warm cloth rubbed on ventral abdomen and/or clean stall sheep - occlude nostrils
32
Analyze urine samples within what time frame?
30 min to 1 hr.
33
What can occur with urine when left at room temp. ore than 1 hr?
artifacts and degeneration such as: - decreased glucose and bilirubin - increased pH and specific gravity - breakdown of cellular components - bacterial growth - crystallation can occur
34
If necessary, can refrigerate urine sample for how long?
6 to 24 hours | less than 12 hr is best
35
When sending a sample to a lab or held sample for more than 6 to 12 hrs., what do you use to preserve sample?
1 gt (drop) of 40% formalin per 1 oz of urine, toluene sufficient to form a layer on top of the sample, a single thymol crystal or one part 5% phenol to 9 parts urine
36
What test should be done before adding formalin to sample?
glucose testing
37
What equipment do you need for urinalysis?
pipettes, conical tubes, centrifuge, refractometer, chemical testing supplies, microscope slides and coverslips, microscope
38
Normal urine color is light yellow to amber as a result of the presence of pigments called?
urochromes
39
Normal equine urine is?
cloudy
40
Why is equine and rabbits urine milky, cloudy?
a result of high concentration of calcium carbonate crystals and mucus secreted by glands in the renal pelvis, horses - milky, rabbit - cloudy
41
What is the difference between pollakiuria and polyuria?
pollakiuria is an increase in frequency of urination and polyuria is an increased in volume of urine
42
Pale yellow urine has a?
low specific gravity; decreased concentration of urine
43
Very yellow urine has a
high specific gravity; oliguria (yellow-brown) - associated with oliguria
44
Brown-green urine?
bile pigment (plus green foam) - when shaken is likely to contain bile pigments
45
Red-brown?
Hematuria; hemoglobin - presence of RBCs
46
Brown?
myoglobin - excreted when conditions cause muscle cell lysis
47
Orange?
drugs (e.g. tetracycline)
48
Colorless urine usually has
a low specific gravity - associated with polyurina
49
Transparency is noted as?
clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, or turbid (flocculent), depending on how well letters can be read through the sample
50
What are the factors (unrelated to disease) that influence the amount of urine produced?
fluid intake, external losses, temperature, humidity, food, activity, size, and species
51
What is polydipsia?
an increase in water consumption
52
Polyuria occurs with what disease?
nephritis ( inflammation of the kidneys), diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, pyometra, liver disease, with certain medications
53
Oliguria has a ___ specific gravity.
high
54
Oliguria may occur with?
restricted access to water, environmental temperature increase, acute nephritis, fever, shock, heart disease, dehydration
55
Anuria occurs with?
urethral obstruction, urinary bladder rupture, renal shutdown
56
Clarity of urine also called?
turbidity, transparency, or flocculence
57
Species and male/female have distinctive odors, what odor does concentration dog urine (esp male) have?
a chicken soup odor , ammonia odor, sweet odor
58
What does an ammonia urine odor mean in a dog?
cystitis (inflammation of the bladder) or sample left out too long
59
What does a sweet urine odor mean in a dog?
ketones or acetone odor - by product of fat - diabetes
60
What does specific gravity mean?
weight (density) of a liquid compared to distilled waer | Can be measured before or after centrifugation
61
What equipment is needed to determine specific gravity?
refractometer, urinometer - very accurate (10 mL of urine needed), reagent strips - very inaccurate
62
What determines the specific gravity of urine?
the number and molecular weight of dissolved solutes
63
What are the causes of increases in urine Specific gravity?
increased urine specific gravity is seen with decreased water intake with normal renal function, fluid loss through sweating, panting, diarrhea, increased excretion of solutes, acute renal failure, dehydration, and shock
64
What are the causes of decreases in urine specific gravity?
decreases: kidneys cannot absorb water, pyometra, diabetes insipidus, psychogenic polydipsia, liver diseases, renal disease, diuretics
65
What is isosthenuria?
when the urine specific gravity approaches that of the filtrate in the glomerulus (1.008 - 1.012) in other words urine with this specific gravity range has not been concentrated or diluted by the kidneys. which can cause chronic renal disease - the closer the SG is to isosthenuria, the most kidney function is assumed lost
66
Urine specific gravity is normally evaluated with a?
refractometer
67
Urine specific gravity is a?
measure of the dissolved solutes in urine
68
Substances that cause urine to be cloudy are?
RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, mucus, fat, and bacteria
69
In most species, freshly voided urine is?
transparent or clear
70
Normal urine color is?
yellow to amber and varies with the degree of urine concentration or dilution