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Clinical Chem - Vic > Ch 25 - Anatomy of Urinary system > Flashcards

Ch 25 - Anatomy of Urinary system Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a urinalysis evaluate?

A

the physical and chemical properties of urine

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2
Q

What information does an urinalysis provide?

A

the status of the urinary system, the metabolic and endocrine systems, and the electrolyte and hydration status

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3
Q

The urinary system consists of?

A

2 kidneys (R, L), 2 ureters (R, L), 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra

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4
Q

The urinary system is the?

A

primary means by which wast products are removed from the blood

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5
Q

The left and right kidney are located where in the body?

A

in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity (retroperitoneal), just ventral to the most cranial lumbar vertebrae

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6
Q

Most animals have what shaped kidneys? Horse has what shape? Bovine have what shape?

A

bean-shaped, heart shaped, lobulated appearance

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7
Q

Where does the blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and ureter enter and leave the kidney?

A

through the indented area called the hilus

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8
Q

A rough-appearing outer ____ is wrapped around a smooth appearing inner ____.

A

cortex, medulla

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9
Q

The area deep to the hilus region is the ____ ____, which is the funnel-like beginning of the ureter

A

renal pevis

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10
Q

The work of the kidneys is done in the?

A

nephrons

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11
Q

What is nephron?

A

a tube with several bends

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12
Q

The nephron has what parts?

A

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct (tubule)

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13
Q

Each renal corpuscle is composed of?

A

a glomerulus surrounded by a Bowman’s capsule

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14
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

a tuff of capillaries between the arterioles that enter and leave the renal corpuscle

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15
Q

What is the renal threshold?

A

a specific limit for the resorption of specific substances - the excess is not reabsorbed and is instead excreted in the urine, when fluid reaches the collecting tubules, it is urine, collecting ducts drain in to the renal pelvis which connects to the ureter

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16
Q

Collecting tubules of all nephrons do what?

A

drain urine into the renal pelvis to the opening of the ureter

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17
Q

Blood enters the renal corpuscle and is filtered?

A
  • through the glomerulus (plasma and wastes)
  • through the rest of the nephron (filtered fluid passes)
  • reabsorbed back into the body as needed (water and glucose)
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18
Q

What are ureters?

A

muscular tubes that conduct the urine via smooth-muscle contractions. Enter bladder at oblique angles

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19
Q

The urinary bladder is a?

A

muscular sac lined with transitional epithelial cells that stores urine and releases it periodically to the outside during urination.

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20
Q

What release the urine outside the body?

A

a spinal reflex then initiates the contraction of the smooth muscle in the bladder wall. Sphincter muscle around the neck of the urinary bladder enables conscious control of urination

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21
Q

The urethra is the tube that?

A

carries urine form the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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22
Q

Females have what kind of urethra?

A

short and straight, wide and strictly functions in urination

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23
Q

Males have what kind of urethra?

A

long, curved, and narrow and serves both urinary and reproductive functions

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24
Q

Volume of urine produced is controlled by what 2 hormones?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (released from the posterior pituitary gland, and aldosterone (secreted by the adrenal cortex)

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25
Q

The antidiuretic hormone acts on what?

A

the collecting ducts to promote the reabsorption of water

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26
Q

Alterations in water volume may involve decreased in production called?

A

oliguria

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27
Q

Alterations in water volume may involve an increase in production called?

A

polyuria

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28
Q

Alterations in water volume may involve an absence in production of urine called?

A

anuria

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29
Q

What are the types of collection methods?

A

voided or free catch, expression - also voided urine
urinary catheterization
cystocentesis
collection from surface

30
Q

When placing a catheter in a female animal, what improves visualization of the urethra orifice and thus facilitates the catheterization?

A

a speculum

31
Q

What can stimulate dogs, cats, cows, horses, and sheep?

A

dogs - the scent of other dogs
cats - nonabsorbent granules in litter box
cattle - rub straw or hand ventral to vulva in a circular fashion
horses - warm cloth rubbed on ventral abdomen and/or clean stall
sheep - occlude nostrils

32
Q

Analyze urine samples within what time frame?

A

30 min to 1 hr.

33
Q

What can occur with urine when left at room temp. ore than 1 hr?

A

artifacts and degeneration such as:

  • decreased glucose and bilirubin
  • increased pH and specific gravity
  • breakdown of cellular components
  • bacterial growth
  • crystallation can occur
34
Q

If necessary, can refrigerate urine sample for how long?

A

6 to 24 hours

less than 12 hr is best

35
Q

When sending a sample to a lab or held sample for more than 6 to 12 hrs., what do you use to preserve sample?

A

1 gt (drop) of 40% formalin per 1 oz of urine, toluene sufficient to form a layer on top of the sample, a single thymol crystal or one part 5% phenol to 9 parts urine

36
Q

What test should be done before adding formalin to sample?

A

glucose testing

37
Q

What equipment do you need for urinalysis?

A

pipettes, conical tubes, centrifuge, refractometer, chemical testing supplies, microscope slides and coverslips, microscope

38
Q

Normal urine color is light yellow to amber as a result of the presence of pigments called?

A

urochromes

39
Q

Normal equine urine is?

A

cloudy

40
Q

Why is equine and rabbits urine milky, cloudy?

A

a result of high concentration of calcium carbonate crystals and mucus secreted by glands in the renal pelvis, horses - milky, rabbit - cloudy

41
Q

What is the difference between pollakiuria and polyuria?

A

pollakiuria is an increase in frequency of urination and polyuria is an increased in volume of urine

42
Q

Pale yellow urine has a?

A

low specific gravity; decreased concentration of urine

43
Q

Very yellow urine has a

A

high specific gravity; oliguria (yellow-brown) - associated with oliguria

44
Q

Brown-green urine?

A

bile pigment (plus green foam) - when shaken is likely to contain bile pigments

45
Q

Red-brown?

A

Hematuria; hemoglobin - presence of RBCs

46
Q

Brown?

A

myoglobin - excreted when conditions cause muscle cell lysis

47
Q

Orange?

A

drugs (e.g. tetracycline)

48
Q

Colorless urine usually has

A

a low specific gravity - associated with polyurina

49
Q

Transparency is noted as?

A

clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, or turbid (flocculent), depending on how well letters can be read through the sample

50
Q

What are the factors (unrelated to disease) that influence the amount of urine produced?

A

fluid intake, external losses, temperature, humidity, food, activity, size, and species

51
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

an increase in water consumption

52
Q

Polyuria occurs with what disease?

A

nephritis ( inflammation of the kidneys), diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, pyometra, liver disease, with certain medications

53
Q

Oliguria has a ___ specific gravity.

A

high

54
Q

Oliguria may occur with?

A

restricted access to water, environmental temperature increase, acute nephritis, fever, shock, heart disease, dehydration

55
Q

Anuria occurs with?

A

urethral obstruction, urinary bladder rupture, renal shutdown

56
Q

Clarity of urine also called?

A

turbidity, transparency, or flocculence

57
Q

Species and male/female have distinctive odors, what odor does concentration dog urine (esp male) have?

A

a chicken soup odor , ammonia odor, sweet odor

58
Q

What does an ammonia urine odor mean in a dog?

A

cystitis (inflammation of the bladder) or sample left out too long

59
Q

What does a sweet urine odor mean in a dog?

A

ketones or acetone odor - by product of fat - diabetes

60
Q

What does specific gravity mean?

A

weight (density) of a liquid compared to distilled waer

Can be measured before or after centrifugation

61
Q

What equipment is needed to determine specific gravity?

A

refractometer, urinometer - very accurate (10 mL of urine needed), reagent strips - very inaccurate

62
Q

What determines the specific gravity of urine?

A

the number and molecular weight of dissolved solutes

63
Q

What are the causes of increases in urine Specific gravity?

A

increased urine specific gravity is seen with decreased water intake with normal renal function, fluid loss through sweating, panting, diarrhea, increased excretion of solutes, acute renal failure, dehydration, and shock

64
Q

What are the causes of decreases in urine specific gravity?

A

decreases: kidneys cannot absorb water, pyometra, diabetes insipidus, psychogenic polydipsia, liver diseases, renal disease, diuretics

65
Q

What is isosthenuria?

A

when the urine specific gravity approaches that of the filtrate in the glomerulus (1.008 - 1.012)
in other words urine with this specific gravity range has not been concentrated or diluted by the kidneys.
which can cause chronic renal disease - the closer the SG is to isosthenuria, the most kidney function is assumed lost

66
Q

Urine specific gravity is normally evaluated with a?

A

refractometer

67
Q

Urine specific gravity is a?

A

measure of the dissolved solutes in urine

68
Q

Substances that cause urine to be cloudy are?

A

RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, mucus, fat, and bacteria

69
Q

In most species, freshly voided urine is?

A

transparent or clear

70
Q

Normal urine color is?

A

yellow to amber and varies with the degree of urine concentration or dilution

Clinical Chem - Vic (29 decks)

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