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Clinical Chem - Vic > Ch 28 - chemical evaluation > Flashcards

Ch 28 - chemical evaluation Flashcards

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1
Q

The most common chemistry tests that use strips are?

A

Test pad analytes: urine pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood (heme), bilirubin

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2
Q

Care of chemical reagent strips are?

A

stored at room temp., lid tightly closed, check expiration dates

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3
Q

What are the two methods in using chemical reagent strips?

A

dip and pipette

dip not as a good method because of other reagents can contaminate the test beside it - run off

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4
Q

Result of urine chemical reagent stips are determined by?

A

results determined by comparing strip to a color chart

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5
Q

pH expresses the ____ ion concentration.

A

hydrogen

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6
Q

pH is the measure of the?

A

degree of acidity or alkalinity

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7
Q

Fresh sample of urine is needed to get?

A

accurate results

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8
Q

The pH of urine samples left at room temp. tends to increase as a result of?

A

loss of carbon dioxide

delays in reading the reaction may lead to color changes and false readings

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9
Q

What happens to urine pH that contains urease-producing bacteria because of left standing?

A

pH increases

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10
Q

What organ plays a role in the acid-base regulation of the body?

A

kidneys

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11
Q

The kidney must vary the pH of urine to compensate for the patient’s?

A

diet and the products of metabolism

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12
Q

pH of a healthy animals urine depends largely on?

A

diet

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13
Q

Alkaline urine is usually found in animals that consume?

A

plant-based diets

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14
Q

High-protein cereal diets or diets of animal origin cause?

A

acidic urine

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15
Q

Herbivores have ___ urine.

A

alkaline

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16
Q

Carnivores have ___ urine.

A

acidic

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17
Q

Omnivores have either ___ or ____ urine

A

acidic or alkaline depending on what has been digested

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18
Q

What else can increase urine pH?

A

stress and excitement (esp in cats) creating a transient glucosuria

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19
Q

What other factors can decrease urine pH?

A

fever, starvation, a high-protein diet, acidosis, excessive muscular activity, and the administration of certain drugs

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20
Q

Increased pH may be caused by?

A

alkalosis, high-fiber diets (plants), infection of the urinary tract with urease bacteria, the use of certain drugs, or urine retention such as paralysis

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21
Q

If pH of urine is too acidic or too alkaline, what can happen?

A

specific crystals or uroliths can form

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22
Q

How can the pH be maniupulated to help dissolve the solids or prevent them from forming?

A

diet

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23
Q

Protein is usually ___ or in ___ amounts in normal urine.

Collected by ___ or _____.

A

absent, trace

catheterization or cystocentesis

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24
Q

Protein levels in the urine may be measured by several methods including?

A

reagent test strips, the sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test and urine protein/creatinine ratio

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25
Q

Reagent strips analysis is a?

A
  • rapid, convenient, reasonably accurate method of determining urinary protein levels
  • Accuracy is variable
  • strips primarily detect albumin (protein soluble in water)
  • false positives may occur in alkaline urine
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26
Q

Sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test determines?

A

urine protein levels via acid precipitation. The resultant turbidity is proportional to the concentration of protein.

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27
Q

What is the advantage of the Sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test?

A

It is equally sensitive to albumin and globulins and useful in confirming strip methods esp in alkaline urine

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28
Q

Sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test also measures ____ ____ proteins. which is what?

A

Bence Jones

light chain proteins that can pass through the glomerulus

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29
Q

Urine protein/creatinine ratio aids in what?

A

accurate measurement of protein loss in patients with low SG (ratio obtained by dividing the protein concentration by the creatinine concentration)

30
Q

The urine protein/creatinine ratio helps to confirm?

A

significant amounts of protein in the urine

31
Q

Acute and chronic renal diseases lead to ?

A

proteinuria

32
Q

Proteinuria is the result of?

A

acute and chronic renal diseases - excessive protein in the urine
False negative with dilute urine

33
Q

Acute nephritis is characterized by _____, whereas chronic renal disease, the degree of proteinuria is qualitatively less.

A

-marked protein with WBCs and casts in the urine

34
Q

With chronic renal disease, urine output is ____; therfore the total protein excreted is actutally quite significant.

A

excessive with low specific gravity

35
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

cancer of plasma cells - may produce large quanties of light chain proteins (Bence Jones proteins) that may leak through the glomerulus

36
Q

Proteinuria is also seen with traumatic ___ or bladder expression.

A

catherization

37
Q

The presence of glucose in urine is called?

A

glucosuria or glycosouria (not normal)

38
Q

Glucose is filtered through the ___ and reabsorbed by the ____ tubules.

A

glomerulus

kidney

39
Q

Glucosuria does not occur in normal animals unless?

A

the blood glucose level exceeds the renal threshold (approx. 170 - 180 mg/dL for dogs). At this conc, tubular resorption cannot keep up with the glomerular filtration of glucose and glucose passes into the urine

40
Q

Glucosuria often indicates?

A

diabetes mellitus - as a result of a deficiency of insulin or an inability of insulin to function

41
Q

Insulin is necessary to transport ____ into body cells, and a deficienty causes ____ and the spilling of glucose into urine.

A

glucose

hyperglycemia

42
Q

False positives with glucosuria or glycosuria are?

A

fear, excitement, restraint (esp cats)
the need to fast after a high-carbohydrate meal
some drugs including ascorbic acid (Vit. C), morphine, aspirin, cephalosporins, penicillin

43
Q

What test detects any sugar in the urine?

A

Clinitest (reagent tablets)

44
Q

Ketones include?

A

acetone, acetoacetic acid and B-hydroxybutyric acid

45
Q

Ketones are formed during?

A

incomplete catabolism of fatty acids

46
Q

What is ketonuria?

A

when fatty acids metabolism is not accompanied by sufficient carbohydrate metabolism, excess ketones are present in the urine

47
Q

A common cause of ketouria is

A

ketonemia or ketosis in lactating cows and pregnant ewes and cows

48
Q

Ketonuria frequently occurs in animals with?

A
  • diabetes mellitus - animal lacks the insulin necessary for carbohydrate metabolism
  • impaired liver function - impaired carbohydrate metabolism leads to fat serving as the main energy source esp when damaged liver cannot store adequate amounts of glycogen
49
Q

Impaired liver function because of?

A

high-fat diet, starvation, fasting, anorexia

50
Q

How do you measure ketones?

A

with reagent test strips that are sensitive to acetoacetic acid, less sensitive to acetone, and not sensitive to B-hydroxbutyric acid

51
Q

Bile pigments that are commonly detected in urine are?

A

bilirubin and urobilinogen

52
Q

Only conjugated bilirubin is found in urine, Why?

A

because unconjugated bilirubin does not pass through the glomerulus into the renal filtrate; it is bound to albumin, and it is not water soluble

53
Q

Bilirubin usually not found in the urine of?

A

cats, pigs, sheep, or horses (renal threshold is many times that of dogs) (any bilirubin in cats urine is considered abnormal and suggests disease)

54
Q

Bilirubinuria is seen with a variety of conditions, including?

A

bile duct obstruction, hemolytic anemia, and liver disease

55
Q

Conditions that cause biliary obstruction include?

A

calculi in the bile duct, tumors in the area of the bile duct, acute enteritis, pancreatitis, and obstruction of the upper intestinal tract,

56
Q

Hemolytic anemia may also cause?

A

bilirubinuria, esp in dogs

57
Q

Bilirubinuria is detected with?

A

Icotest - reagent tablets

58
Q

Icotest reagent tablets turn ____ in presence of bilirubin? The ____ and ___ of color change indicates the amount of bilirubin (concentration) present.

A
  • blue or purple

- speed, degree

59
Q

Reagent strips are less sensitive than Icotest. T/F

A

True

60
Q

False negative results for bilirubin occur in urine that is exposed to?

A

sunlight or artificial light

also when exposed to short-wave lights

61
Q

Hematuria is?
Color of urine may be?
Occult (not visible) blood must be detected by?

A

the presence of intact RBCs in urine
cloudy, red, brown, or wine-colored
chemical analysis

62
Q

Hemoglobinuria?

A

the presence of free hemoglobin in urine

63
Q

Myoglobinuira?

A

the presence of myoglobinin in urine

64
Q

The presence of hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria may occur ____; the presence of one does not rule out the others

A

simultaneously

65
Q

Hematuria is usually a sign of disease that is?

A

causing bleeding somewhere in the urogenital tract

66
Q

Hemoglobinuria usually indicates ______ ______.
Positive for ____ but not RBCs in sediment.
Confirm with ___ test strip
Linked to?

A

intravascular hemolysis
hemoglobin (red supernatant)
reagent
IMHA (Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia), incompatable blood transfusion, leptospirosis, babesiosis, metal toxicity, poisonous plants
- cattle being deprived of water and then drinking large amounts - blood cells burst

67
Q

Myoglobinuria is a?
Severe muscle damage causes?
Seen in horses with?

A

protein found in muscle
myoglobin to leak into blood and be excreted in urine (color is usually dark brown to almost black)
rhabdomyolysis

68
Q

Several methods have been used to try an distinguish hemoglobin from myoglobin but none of these methods are reliable . T or F

A

True

69
Q

Leukocytes in urine is tested by?
False positives possible, what can be done?
Reagent strip not valid for what species?

A

reagent strips
a microscope evaluation
feline

70
Q

Urinalysis analyzers still use?

A

dipsticks - many abnormalities cannot be detected by strip

71
Q

In vet. medicine, ____ is performed for every urinalysis.

A

microscopy

Clinical Chem - Vic (29 decks)

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