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Clinical Chem - Vic > Ch 28 - chemical evaluation > Flashcards

Ch 28 - chemical evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

The most common chemistry tests that use strips are?

A

Test pad analytes: urine pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood (heme), bilirubin

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2
Q

Care of chemical reagent strips are?

A

stored at room temp., lid tightly closed, check expiration dates

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3
Q

What are the two methods in using chemical reagent strips?

A

dip and pipette

dip not as a good method because of other reagents can contaminate the test beside it - run off

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4
Q

Result of urine chemical reagent stips are determined by?

A

results determined by comparing strip to a color chart

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5
Q

pH expresses the ____ ion concentration.

A

hydrogen

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6
Q

pH is the measure of the?

A

degree of acidity or alkalinity

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7
Q

Fresh sample of urine is needed to get?

A

accurate results

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8
Q

The pH of urine samples left at room temp. tends to increase as a result of?

A

loss of carbon dioxide

delays in reading the reaction may lead to color changes and false readings

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9
Q

What happens to urine pH that contains urease-producing bacteria because of left standing?

A

pH increases

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10
Q

What organ plays a role in the acid-base regulation of the body?

A

kidneys

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11
Q

The kidney must vary the pH of urine to compensate for the patient’s?

A

diet and the products of metabolism

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12
Q

pH of a healthy animals urine depends largely on?

A

diet

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13
Q

Alkaline urine is usually found in animals that consume?

A

plant-based diets

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14
Q

High-protein cereal diets or diets of animal origin cause?

A

acidic urine

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15
Q

Herbivores have ___ urine.

A

alkaline

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16
Q

Carnivores have ___ urine.

A

acidic

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17
Q

Omnivores have either ___ or ____ urine

A

acidic or alkaline depending on what has been digested

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18
Q

What else can increase urine pH?

A

stress and excitement (esp in cats) creating a transient glucosuria

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19
Q

What other factors can decrease urine pH?

A

fever, starvation, a high-protein diet, acidosis, excessive muscular activity, and the administration of certain drugs

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20
Q

Increased pH may be caused by?

A

alkalosis, high-fiber diets (plants), infection of the urinary tract with urease bacteria, the use of certain drugs, or urine retention such as paralysis

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21
Q

If pH of urine is too acidic or too alkaline, what can happen?

A

specific crystals or uroliths can form

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22
Q

How can the pH be maniupulated to help dissolve the solids or prevent them from forming?

A

diet

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23
Q

Protein is usually ___ or in ___ amounts in normal urine.

Collected by ___ or _____.

A

absent, trace

catheterization or cystocentesis

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24
Q

Protein levels in the urine may be measured by several methods including?

A

reagent test strips, the sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test and urine protein/creatinine ratio

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25
Reagent strips analysis is a?
- rapid, convenient, reasonably accurate method of determining urinary protein levels - Accuracy is variable - strips primarily detect albumin (protein soluble in water) - false positives may occur in alkaline urine
26
Sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test determines?
urine protein levels via acid precipitation. The resultant turbidity is proportional to the concentration of protein.
27
What is the advantage of the Sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test?
It is equally sensitive to albumin and globulins and useful in confirming strip methods esp in alkaline urine
28
Sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test also measures ____ ____ proteins. which is what?
Bence Jones | light chain proteins that can pass through the glomerulus
29
Urine protein/creatinine ratio aids in what?
accurate measurement of protein loss in patients with low SG (ratio obtained by dividing the protein concentration by the creatinine concentration)
30
The urine protein/creatinine ratio helps to confirm?
significant amounts of protein in the urine
31
Acute and chronic renal diseases lead to ?
proteinuria
32
Proteinuria is the result of?
acute and chronic renal diseases - excessive protein in the urine False negative with dilute urine
33
Acute nephritis is characterized by _____, whereas chronic renal disease, the degree of proteinuria is qualitatively less.
-marked protein with WBCs and casts in the urine
34
With chronic renal disease, urine output is ____; therfore the total protein excreted is actutally quite significant.
excessive with low specific gravity
35
What is multiple myeloma?
cancer of plasma cells - may produce large quanties of light chain proteins (Bence Jones proteins) that may leak through the glomerulus
36
Proteinuria is also seen with traumatic ___ or bladder expression.
catherization
37
The presence of glucose in urine is called?
glucosuria or glycosouria (not normal)
38
Glucose is filtered through the ___ and reabsorbed by the ____ tubules.
glomerulus | kidney
39
Glucosuria does not occur in normal animals unless?
the blood glucose level exceeds the renal threshold (approx. 170 - 180 mg/dL for dogs). At this conc, tubular resorption cannot keep up with the glomerular filtration of glucose and glucose passes into the urine
40
Glucosuria often indicates?
diabetes mellitus - as a result of a deficiency of insulin or an inability of insulin to function
41
Insulin is necessary to transport ____ into body cells, and a deficienty causes ____ and the spilling of glucose into urine.
glucose | hyperglycemia
42
False positives with glucosuria or glycosuria are?
fear, excitement, restraint (esp cats) the need to fast after a high-carbohydrate meal some drugs including ascorbic acid (Vit. C), morphine, aspirin, cephalosporins, penicillin
43
What test detects any sugar in the urine?
Clinitest (reagent tablets)
44
Ketones include?
acetone, acetoacetic acid and B-hydroxybutyric acid
45
Ketones are formed during?
incomplete catabolism of fatty acids
46
What is ketonuria?
when fatty acids metabolism is not accompanied by sufficient carbohydrate metabolism, excess ketones are present in the urine
47
A common cause of ketouria is
ketonemia or ketosis in lactating cows and pregnant ewes and cows
48
Ketonuria frequently occurs in animals with?
- diabetes mellitus - animal lacks the insulin necessary for carbohydrate metabolism - impaired liver function - impaired carbohydrate metabolism leads to fat serving as the main energy source esp when damaged liver cannot store adequate amounts of glycogen
49
Impaired liver function because of?
high-fat diet, starvation, fasting, anorexia
50
How do you measure ketones?
with reagent test strips that are sensitive to acetoacetic acid, less sensitive to acetone, and not sensitive to B-hydroxbutyric acid
51
Bile pigments that are commonly detected in urine are?
bilirubin and urobilinogen
52
Only conjugated bilirubin is found in urine, Why?
because unconjugated bilirubin does not pass through the glomerulus into the renal filtrate; it is bound to albumin, and it is not water soluble
53
Bilirubin usually not found in the urine of?
cats, pigs, sheep, or horses (renal threshold is many times that of dogs) (any bilirubin in cats urine is considered abnormal and suggests disease)
54
Bilirubinuria is seen with a variety of conditions, including?
bile duct obstruction, hemolytic anemia, and liver disease
55
Conditions that cause biliary obstruction include?
calculi in the bile duct, tumors in the area of the bile duct, acute enteritis, pancreatitis, and obstruction of the upper intestinal tract,
56
Hemolytic anemia may also cause?
bilirubinuria, esp in dogs
57
Bilirubinuria is detected with?
Icotest - reagent tablets
58
Icotest reagent tablets turn ____ in presence of bilirubin? The ____ and ___ of color change indicates the amount of bilirubin (concentration) present.
- blue or purple | - speed, degree
59
Reagent strips are less sensitive than Icotest. T/F
True
60
False negative results for bilirubin occur in urine that is exposed to?
sunlight or artificial light | also when exposed to short-wave lights
61
Hematuria is? Color of urine may be? Occult (not visible) blood must be detected by?
the presence of intact RBCs in urine cloudy, red, brown, or wine-colored chemical analysis
62
Hemoglobinuria?
the presence of free hemoglobin in urine
63
Myoglobinuira?
the presence of myoglobinin in urine
64
The presence of hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria may occur ____; the presence of one does not rule out the others
simultaneously
65
Hematuria is usually a sign of disease that is?
causing bleeding somewhere in the urogenital tract
66
Hemoglobinuria usually indicates ______ ______. Positive for ____ but not RBCs in sediment. Confirm with ___ test strip Linked to?
intravascular hemolysis hemoglobin (red supernatant) reagent IMHA (Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia), incompatable blood transfusion, leptospirosis, babesiosis, metal toxicity, poisonous plants - cattle being deprived of water and then drinking large amounts - blood cells burst
67
Myoglobinuria is a? Severe muscle damage causes? Seen in horses with?
protein found in muscle myoglobin to leak into blood and be excreted in urine (color is usually dark brown to almost black) rhabdomyolysis
68
Several methods have been used to try an distinguish hemoglobin from myoglobin but none of these methods are reliable . T or F
True
69
Leukocytes in urine is tested by? False positives possible, what can be done? Reagent strip not valid for what species?
reagent strips a microscope evaluation feline
70
Urinalysis analyzers still use?
dipsticks - many abnormalities cannot be detected by strip
71
In vet. medicine, ____ is performed for every urinalysis.
microscopy

Clinical Chem - Vic (29 decks)

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