CH 4: Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the four components of the skeletal system?
Bones, Tendons, Ligaments, and Cartilage
True or False: The shape of the bones determines the classification of bones.
true
Articulate / Articulation
joint; the site where two bones come together
break down Articulation / Articulate
process/action of + joint
OR
composed of + joint
Bursa
Closed sac that contains synovial fluid
a sac of fluid that reduces friction between soft tissue and a bone
Cartilage
firm connective tissue found mostly in joints (nonvascular - w/out blood vessels)
define word combining form chir/o
hand
Chiropractor
Practitioner of chiropractic focuses on the manual adjustment of joints.
literally: a doer of practical/efficient hands
Cortex
outer portion of an organ, such as bone
Cortical
Pertaining to a cortex
Cortical Bone
The compact outer layer of all bones
break down Cortical
-al + cortic-
suffix + root
pertaining to + cortex
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone
Define Epiphysis
The proximal and distal ends of a long bone
nearer to center & farther from center
break down epiphysis
-physis + epi-
root + prefix
growth + upon, above
Epiphysial
pertaining to an epiphysis
Ligament
a fibrous band of tissue connecting two structures; most commonly that which attaches bone-to-bone, though there are others
Marrow
fatty, blood-forming tissue in the cavities of long bones
Medulla
central portion of a structure surrounded by cortex
Medullary
Pertaining to a medulla
Muscle
tissue consisting of cell that can contract
Orthopedic
Pertaining to the correction and cure of deformities and diseases of the musculoskeletal system
break down orthopedic
-ic + orth/o + -ped-
suffix + comb. form + root
pertaining to + straight + child
Osteocyte
a bone cell
break down osteocyte
oste/o- + -cyte
comb. form + root
bone + cell
Osteogenesis
the formation/creation of new bone
break down osteogenesis
-genesis + oste/o-
suffix + comb. form
creation/formation + bone
osteopathy
medical practice based on maintaining the balance of the body
breakdown osteopathy
-pathy + oste/o-
suffix + comb. form
disease + bone
periosteum
a structure (membrane) around a bone
break down periosteum
-um + peri- + -oste-
suffix + prefix + root
structure + around + bone
Podiatrist
practitioner of podiatry
Podiatry
the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot
define word root pod-
foot
Tendon
firbrous band that connects muscle to bone
common pertaining to endings:
-ic, -ac, -al, -ary, -ial, -us, -eal, -ar
Axial Skeleton
consists of bones going in straight line from skull to coccyx (80 major bones)
Cervical
Pertaining to the neck/neck region
break down cervical
-al + cervic-
pertaining to + neck
suffix + root
clavicle
collarbone (anterior part of pectoral girdle)
cranium
the skull - skull in greek
define word root crani-
skull
Mandible
lower jawbone
Maxilla
upper jawbone (contains R + L maxillary sinuses)
Occipital
pertaining to the back of the head/skull
occiput
the back of the head
pectoral
pertaining to the chest
break down pectoral
-al + pector-
pertaining to + chest
suffix + root
scapula
a shoulder blade
scapulae
plural of scapula ; shoulder bladeS
spinal cord
a cord of nerves that lies protected within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column
Vertebra
one of the bones of the spinal column
vertebrae
more than one vertebra
intervertebral discs
the space between two vertebrae; a fibrocartilaginous disk found between the vertebrae
break down intervertebral
-al + inter- + vertebr-
pertaining to + between + vertebra
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine/vertebral column (s-shaped)
Carpal
bones of the wrist
(literally; pertaining to the wrist)
carpals
the five bones between the carpus (wrist) and the fingers
define prefix meta-
after, subsequent to
distal
situated away from the point of attachment (opposite of proximal)
points of limb attachment are the shoulder or the hip and are commonly used as the reference point; however, directional terms are always based on the point of reference. (a tibial injury would be distal to the hip, yet it is proximal if the point of reference is the ankle.)
humerus
upper arm bone that extends from the shoulder to the elbow
proximal
situated closer or near to
(points of limb attachment are the shoulder or the hip and are commonly used as the reference point; however, directional terms are always based on the point of reference. (a tibial injury would be distal to the hip, yet it is proximal if the point of reference is the ankle.)
radius
forearm bone on the thumb side
ulna
a bone of the forearm (on the pinky side)
femur
thigh bone
femoral
pertaining to the femur
tarsal
pertaining to the bones that form the ankle
tarsus
collection of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle and instep
tibia
larger bone of the lower leg
tibial
pertaining to the tibia
amputation
process of removing a limb, part of a limb, a breast, or other projecting part
define word root amput-
to prune, top off
biopsy
to view life; process of removing tissue from a living person for laboratory examination
brace
appliance to support a part of the body in its correct position
chemotherapy
medical treatment using chemicals
breakdown chemotherapy
-therapy + chem/o-
suffix + comb. form
medical treatment + chemical
cryosurgery
use of liquid nitrogen or argon gas in surgery to freeze and kill abnormal tissue
break down cryosurgery
-ery + cry/o- + -surg-
process of + icy cold + operate
suffix + comb. form + root
debridement
removal of rubble (injured or dead/necrotic tissue or foreign debris embedded within the tissue)
break down debridement
-ment + de- + -bride-
action + removal/out of + rubble/rubbish
suffix + prefix + root
diastasis
separation of normally joined parts
extension
the action of straightening (increasing angle of a joint)
flexion
the action of bending (decreasing the angle of a joint)
pronation
process of lying face down or of turning a hand or foot with the volar (palm or sole) surface down
prone
lying face down, flat on your stomach/belly side
radiology
study of radiation (medical imaging)
radiologist
one who studies x-rays; medical specialist in the use, study, and interpreting of x-rays and other imaging techniques
radiotherapy
medical treatment using radiation
stable
steady, not varying
stabilize
to make or hold firm and steady
supination
process of lying face upward or of turning a hand or foot so that the palm or sole is facing up
supine
lying face up, flat on your back
arthrocentesis
aspiration of fluid from a joint (by use of a needle)
arthroplasty
surgery to repair, as far as possible, the function of a joint
arthroscopy
visual examination of the interior of a joint
define the suffix -plasty
reshaping by surgery
define suffix -desis
to fuse together
define suffix -graphy
process of recording
define suffix -scopy
process of using an instrument to examine visually
define combining form arthr/o-
joint
define suffix -ism
condition
avascular
no blood supply (may refer to lack of blood supply caused by trauma)
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa;
inflammation of synovial sacs of fluid that surround a joint
deformity
a permanent (or temporary) structural deviation from the normal
define prefix de-
change of
dislocation
bones are completely out of joint/alignment
hematoma (contusion)
a bruise
(collection of blood that has escaped from blood vessels into tissue)
break down hematoma (contusion)
-oma + hemat-
suffix + root
tumor/mass + blood
necrosis
death;
(pathologic death of cells or tissue)
define combining form necr/o-
death
avascular necrosis
the death of bone tissue when the blood supply is cut off (usually as a result of trauma)
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bone;
(soft, flexible bones lacking in calcium)
break down osteomalacia
-malacia (softening) + oste/o- (bone)
infers abnormal softening
suffix + comb. form
osteomyelitis
inflammation/infection of bone and bone marrow
break down osteomyelitis
-itis + oste/o- + myel-
inflammation and infection + bone- + bone marrow
suffix + comb. form + root
osteopenia
deficiency of bone; decreased calcification of bone or low bone density
break down osteopenia
-penia + oste/o-
suffix + comb. form
deficient/too few + bone
osteoporosis
condition in which the bones become more porous, brittle, and fragile and more likely to fracture
(literally; condition of bone openings/holes)
define suffix -sis and -osis
condition
define comb. form -por/o-
opening
pathologic fracture
fracture that occurs at a site already weakened by a disease process, such as cancer
pathologic
pertaining to the study of disease
define word root -log-
to study
define word comb. form path/o-
disease
subluxation
incomplete dislocation
(some contact between the joint surfaces remains)
define word root -luxat-
dislocate
tendinitis (also tendonitis)
inflammation of a tendon
define word root tendin- and cf tendon/o-
tendon
closed fracture
a bone is broken, but the skin over it is intact (not broken)
also called: simple fracture
open fracture
a fragment of the fractured bone breaks the skin, or a wound extends to the site of the fracture.
also called: compound fracture
complete fracture
a bone is broken into at least two separate pieces
incomplete fracture
the fracture does not extend completely across the bone.
(it can be hairline, as in a stress fracture in the foot, when there is no separation of the two fragments)
Spiral fracture
the fracture spirals around the long axis of the bone
(spiral fractures in children is usually a sign of abuse)
pathologic fracture
occurs in an area of bone weakened by disease, such as cancer
fracture (fx)
fx = fracture
compression fracture
occurs in a vertebra from trauma or pathology, leading to the vertebra being crushed
stress fracture
fatigue fracture caused by repetitive, local stress on a bone, as occurs in marching or running
think david goggins
