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HLTH 125 > CH 12: Endocrine System > Flashcards

CH 12: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Define Antidiuretic

A

An agent that decreases urine production (hormone)

-ic = pertaining to
anti- = against
di- = complete
-uret- = urination

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2
Q

Define Endocrine (Glands)

A

Literally to secrete within;

refers to glands that secrete their chemical messengers internally and directly into the bloodstream

endo- = within
-crine, crin/o- = secrete

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3
Q

Define Endocrinology

A

Medical specialty concerned with the production and effects of hormones

-logy = study of
endo- = within
-crine, crin/o- = secrete

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4
Q

Define Endocrinologist

A

A medical specialist in endocrinology

-logist = medical specialist, one who studies
endo- = within
-crine, crin/o- = secrete

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5
Q

Define Hormone

A

Chemical messengers of the endocrine system secreted directly into the blood stream.

form in one tissue or organ and carried by the bloodstream to stimulate or inhibit a function of another tissue or organ

hormon- = hormone (to set in motion in Greek)

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6
Q

Define Hypothalamus

A

ENdocrine gland that lies below the thalamus (produces two hormones)

hypo- = below, less than
-thalam/o- = thalamus

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7
Q

Define Melatonin

A

Hormone formed by the pineal gland that regulates the sleep-wake cycle known as “Circadian Rhythm.”

-in = substance, chemical, compound
mela- = black
-ton- = tension, pressure

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8
Q

Define Circadian Rhythm

A

A physical, mental, and behavioral change that follow a daily cycle.

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9
Q

Define Oxytocin

A

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the uterus to contract in childbirth and contractions of breast tissue for lactation.

-in = substance, chemical, compound
oxy- = oxygen
-toc- = labor and childbirth

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10
Q

Define Pineal

A

Responsible for regulating the body’s sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)

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11
Q

Define Pineal Gland

A

A gland in the brain that secretes melatonin.

Pertaining to the pineal gland.

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12
Q

Define Pituitary

A

Pertaining to the pituitary gland.

-ary = pertaining to
pituit/o- = pituitary

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13
Q

Define Pituitary Gland

A

The “master gland” of the endocrine system that regulates much of the control over other endocrine glands, influencing production of hormones in other endocrine glands.

-ary = pertaining to
pituit/o- = pituitary

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14
Q

Define Hypertension

A

Condition of excessive or persistent high arterial blood pressure.

-ion = process, action
hyper- = excessive
-tens- = pressure

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15
Q

Define Hypotension

A

Excessive or persistent low arterial blood pressure

-ion = process, action
hypo- = low, less than
-tens- = pressure

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16
Q

What is Normal Blood Pressure for adults?

A

an average of 120/80 (120 over 80)

increase = increase in pressure
decrease = decrease in pressure

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17
Q

Define Bradycardia

A

slow heart rate

(<60 beats/min in an adult)

-ia = condition
brady- = slow
cardi- = heart

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18
Q

Define Tachycardia

A

fast heart rate

(>100 beats/min in an adult)

-ia = condition
tachy- = fast
cardi/o- = heart

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19
Q

Define Hyperpituitarism

A

excessive secretion of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland

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20
Q

Define Hypopituitarism

A

insufficient secretion of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland

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21
Q

Define Acromegaly

A

Enlargement of the head, hands, and feet due to excess growth hormone after puberty

-megaly = abnormal enlargement
acr/o- = peak, highest point

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22
Q

Define Gigantism

A

Abnormal growth (height + size) due to an overproduction of growth hormone in children before puberty

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23
Q

Define Adrenocorticotropic

A

hormone of anterior pituitary that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce its own hormones.

-tropic = turning, change
adren/o- = adrenal gland
cortic/o- = cortex

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24
Q

Define Corticosteroid

A

hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

-steroid = steroid
cortic/o- = cortex

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25
Define Cortisone
"stress hormone" produced by adrenal cortex -one = hormone cortis- = from the cortex
26
Define Gonadotropin
Stimulates the production of testosterone and estrogen -tropin = stimulate gonad/o- = testis, ovary
27
Define Gonad
An organ that produces sex cells; a testis or an ovary gonad/o- = gonad (seed in Latin)
28
Define Hydrocortisone
Potent glucocorticoid used to suppress inflammation (also called **Cortisol**) -one = hormone hydr/o- = water -cortis- = from the cortex
29
Define Prolactin
Pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of milk -in = substance, chemical, compound pro- = before -lact, lact/o- = milk
30
Define Somatotropin
Hormone of the anterior pituitary that **stimulates the growth of body tissues** aka growth hormone -tropin = stimulate somat/o- = the body
31
Define Adenoma
A benign neoplasm of epithelial tissue -oma = tumor aden-, aden/o- = gland, node
32
Define Calcitonin
Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that moves calcium from blood to bones -in = substance, chemical, compound -calc/i- = calcium -ton- = tension, pressure
33
Define Emaciation
Abnormal thinnes -ation = process, action emac/i- = make thin
34
Define Emaciated
Pertaining to being abnormally thin -ated = pertaining to a condition emac/i- = make thing
35
Define Parathyroid (Glands)
Direct calcium release from the bones to the blood when there is an insufficient level in the blood; four small glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland -oid = resembling para- = adjacent, beside thyr/o-, -thyr- = thyroid
36
Define Thymus (Gland)
Essential for **building the body's immunity, especially in the early years of development;** located in the mediastinum. thym/o- = thymus
37
Define Thyroid
Gland that **controls the body's metabolic rate;** endocrine gland below the adam's apple or refers to a cartilage of the larynx.
38
Define Thyroid Gland
Refers to triiodothyronine
39
Define Cretinism
Condition of severe congenital hypothyroidism -ism = condition, process cretin- = cretin
40
Define Exophthalmos
Protrusion of the eyeballs; caused by hyperthyroidism ex- = out, outward ophthalm/o- = eye
41
Define Goiter
Benign enlargement of the thyroid gland.
42
Define Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive levels of one or more parathyroid hormones -ism = condition, process -oid = resembling hyper- = excessive, above para- = adjacent, beside -thyr- = thyroid
43
Define Hypoparathyroidism
Deficient levels of one or more parathyroid hormones -ism = condition, process -oid = resembling para- = adjacent, beside -thyr- = thyroid
44
Define Pyrexia
A condition of having a fever -ia = condition -pyrex- = fever
45
Define Hyperthyroidism
Excessive production of thyroid hormones; two symptoms are tachycardia and hypertension -ism = condition, process -oid = resembling hyper- = excessive, above -thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid
46
Define Hypothyroidism
Deficient production of thyroid hormones; usually more common in developing countries -ism = condition, process -oid = resembling hypo- = deficient, below, less than normal -thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid
47
Define Tetany
Severe muscle cramps, and spasms; it can be caused by hypocalcemia among other causes. convulsive tension in Greek.
48
Define Thyroidectomy
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland -ectomy = surgical excision (removal) -oid- = resembling thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid
49
Define Thyrotoxicosis
disorder produced by excessive thyroid hormone production. (also called **hyperthyroidism**) -osis = abnormal condition thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid toxic/o- = poison
50
Define Adrenal (Glands)
Plays a key role in the **metabolism of sugars, salts, and sex;** also **regulates our "fight or flight"** response. located on the top of each kidney aka suprarenal glands -al = pertaining to ad- = to, toward -ren-, ren/o- = kidney supra- = above
51
Define Adrenaline
Produces "fight or flight" response aka: epinephrine
52
Define Idiopathic
Pertaining to a disease of unknown cause/etiology -ic = pertaining to idi/o- = unknown -path- = disease
53
Define Androgens
Hormones that produces masculine characteristics; produced by the adrenal cortex -gen = to produce andr/o- = male
54
Define Estrogens
Hormones that promote the development of female characteristics; produced by the adrenal cortex -gen = to produce frenzy, mad impulse in Latin (estrus)
55
Define Genital
Relating to the primary male or female sex organs -al = pertaining to genit-, genit/o- = genitals, primary sex organs
56
Define prefix Hyper-
Excessive
57
Define Pancreas
influences sugar metabolism via secretions of insulin and glucagon + helps in the process of digestion pancreat/o- = pancreas
58
Define Exocrine
A gland that secretes outwardly through ducts; opposite of endocrine glands which are ductless & secrete directly into the blood. exo- = outward -crine, crin/o- = secrete
59
Define Glucagon
Pancreatic hormone that supports increased blood glucose levels -agon = to fight gluc- = sugar, glucose
60
Define Insulin
Hormone that **lowers blood glucose** and is normally **secreted in response to hyperglycemia** -in = substance, chemical, compound insul- = an island
61
Define Insulin Shock
Symptomatic, severe, hypoglycemia -in = substance, chemical, compound insul- = an island
62
Define Coma
State of deep unconsciousness. deep sleep in Greek
63
Define Diabetes Mellitus
A metabolic syndrome caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency and/or ineffectiveness diabetes = a siphon in Greek mellitus = sweetened with honey in Latin
63
Define Gestational Diabetes
A condition of elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy -al = pertaining to -ation = process, action gestat/o- = bearing, pregnant diabet- = diabetes
64
Define Hyperglycemia
High level of glucose (sugar) in the blood; blood condition of excessive glucose -emia = a blood condition hyper- = above, excessive -glyc- = glucose
65
Define Hypoglycemia
Low level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. <70mg/dL (milligram / deciLiter) deciLiter = 1/10th of a Liter -emia = a blood condition hypo- = below, deficient, less than normal -glyc- = glucose
66
Define Nephropathy
Any disease of the kidney -pathy = disease nephr/o- = kidney
66
Define Diabetic Nephropathy
Disease of the kidney due to chronic hyperglycemia r/t (related to) diabetes. -pathy = disease nephr/o- = kidney
67
Define Neuropathy
Disease of the nerves -pathy = disease neur/o- = nerve
68
Define Diabetic Neuropathy
Disease of the nervous system; a complication of diabetes, which causes numbness and tingling (paresthesias) in the fingers and toes. -pathy = disease neur/o- = nerve
69
Define Paresthesia
An abnormal sensation (ex: tingling, burning, pricking) -ia = condition par- = abnormal -esthes- = sensation plural = paresthesias
70
Define Polydipsia
Excessive thirst one of three cardinal signs of diabetes -ia = condition poly- = many, much, excessive -dips- = thirst
71
What are the three cardinal signs of Diabetes?
- Polydipsia (excessive thirst) - Polyphagia (excessive hunger) - Polyuria (excessive urination)
72
Define Polyphagia
excessive hunger; condition of much eating -ia = condition poly- = much, many, excessive -phag- = eat
73
Define Polyuria
Excessive production of urine -ia = condition poly- = many, much, excessive -ur- = urine
74
Define Diabetic Retinopathy
Degenerative disease of the retina due to diabetes. -pathy = disease retin/o- = retina of the eye
75
Define Ketoacidosis
Excessive ketones in the blood, making it acidic; a common byproduct of uncontrolled diabetes. -osis = abnormal condition ket/o- = ketone -acid- = acid
76
Define Ketone
Chemical formed in uncontrolled diabetes or in starvation. byproduct of body using fat for metabolism when it can't use glucose (sugar) think Keto diet
77
Define Ketosis
A condition of excessive production of ketones -osis = abnormal condition ket- = ketone
78
Define word root metabol-
change

HLTH 125 (15 decks)

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