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hlth 125 > CH 12: Endocrine System > Flashcards

CH 12: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Define Antidiuretic

A

An agent that decreases urine production (hormone)

-ic = pertaining to
anti- = against
di- = complete
-uret- = urination

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2
Q

Define Endocrine (Glands)

A

Literally to secrete within;

refers to glands that secrete their chemical messengers internally and directly into the bloodstream

endo- = within
-crine, crin/o- = secrete

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3
Q

Define Endocrinology

A

Medical specialty concerned with the production and effects of hormones

-logy = study of
endo- = within
-crine, crin/o- = secrete

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4
Q

Define Endocrinologist

A

A medical specialist in endocrinology

-logist = medical specialist, one who studies
endo- = within
-crine, crin/o- = secrete

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5
Q

Define Hormone

A

Chemical messengers of the endocrine system secreted directly into the blood stream.

form in one tissue or organ and carried by the bloodstream to stimulate or inhibit a function of another tissue or organ

hormon- = hormone (to set in motion in Greek)

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6
Q

Define Hypothalamus

A

ENdocrine gland that lies below the thalamus (produces two hormones)

hypo- = below, less than
-thalam/o- = thalamus

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7
Q

Define Melatonin

A

Hormone formed by the pineal gland that regulates the sleep-wake cycle known as “Circadian Rhythm.”

-in = substance, chemical, compound
mela- = black
-ton- = tension, pressure

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8
Q

Define Circadian Rhythm

A

A physical, mental, and behavioral change that follow a daily cycle.

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9
Q

Define Oxytocin

A

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the uterus to contract in childbirth and contractions of breast tissue for lactation.

-in = substance, chemical, compound
oxy- = oxygen
-toc- = labor and childbirth

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10
Q

Define Pineal

A

Responsible for regulating the body’s sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)

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11
Q

Define Pineal Gland

A

A gland in the brain that secretes melatonin.

Pertaining to the pineal gland.

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12
Q

Define Pituitary

A

Pertaining to the pituitary gland.

-ary = pertaining to
pituit/o- = pituitary

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13
Q

Define Pituitary Gland

A

The “master gland” of the endocrine system that regulates much of the control over other endocrine glands, influencing production of hormones in other endocrine glands.

-ary = pertaining to
pituit/o- = pituitary

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14
Q

Define Hypertension

A

Condition of excessive or persistent high arterial blood pressure.

-ion = process, action
hyper- = excessive
-tens- = pressure

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15
Q

Define Hypotension

A

Excessive or persistent low arterial blood pressure

-ion = process, action
hypo- = low, less than
-tens- = pressure

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16
Q

What is Normal Blood Pressure for adults?

A

an average of 120/80 (120 over 80)

increase = increase in pressure
decrease = decrease in pressure

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17
Q

Define Bradycardia

A

slow heart rate

(<60 beats/min in an adult)

-ia = condition
brady- = slow
cardi- = heart

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18
Q

Define Tachycardia

A

fast heart rate

(>100 beats/min in an adult)

-ia = condition
tachy- = fast
cardi/o- = heart

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19
Q

Define Hyperpituitarism

A

excessive secretion of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland

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20
Q

Define Hypopituitarism

A

insufficient secretion of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland

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21
Q

Define Acromegaly

A

Enlargement of the head, hands, and feet due to excess growth hormone after puberty

-megaly = abnormal enlargement
acr/o- = peak, highest point

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22
Q

Define Gigantism

A

Abnormal growth (height + size) due to an overproduction of growth hormone in children before puberty

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23
Q

Define Adrenocorticotropic

A

hormone of anterior pituitary that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce its own hormones.

-tropic = turning, change
adren/o- = adrenal gland
cortic/o- = cortex

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24
Q

Define Corticosteroid

A

hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

-steroid = steroid
cortic/o- = cortex

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25
Q

Define Cortisone

A

“stress hormone” produced by adrenal cortex

-one = hormone
cortis- = from the cortex

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26
Q

Define Gonadotropin

A

Stimulates the production of testosterone and estrogen

-tropin = stimulate
gonad/o- = testis, ovary

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27
Q

Define Gonad

A

An organ that produces sex cells;

a testis or an ovary

gonad/o- = gonad (seed in Latin)

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28
Q

Define Hydrocortisone

A

Potent glucocorticoid used to suppress inflammation (also called Cortisol)

-one = hormone
hydr/o- = water
-cortis- = from the cortex

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29
Q

Define Prolactin

A

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of milk

-in = substance, chemical, compound
pro- = before
-lact, lact/o- = milk

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30
Q

Define Somatotropin

A

Hormone of the anterior pituitary that stimulates the growth of body tissues

aka growth hormone

-tropin = stimulate
somat/o- = the body

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31
Q

Define Adenoma

A

A benign neoplasm of epithelial tissue

-oma = tumor
aden-, aden/o- = gland, node

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32
Q

Define Calcitonin

A

Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that moves calcium from blood to bones

-in = substance, chemical, compound
-calc/i- = calcium
-ton- = tension, pressure

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33
Q

Define Emaciation

A

Abnormal thinnes

-ation = process, action
emac/i- = make thin

34
Q

Define Emaciated

A

Pertaining to being abnormally thin

-ated = pertaining to a condition
emac/i- = make thing

35
Q

Define Parathyroid (Glands)

A

Direct calcium release from the bones to the blood when there is an insufficient level in the blood;

four small glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

-oid = resembling
para- = adjacent, beside
thyr/o-, -thyr- = thyroid

36
Q

Define Thymus (Gland)

A

Essential for building the body’s immunity, especially in the early years of development; located in the mediastinum.

thym/o- = thymus

37
Q

Define Thyroid

A

Gland that controls the body’s metabolic rate;

endocrine gland below the adam’s apple or refers to a cartilage of the larynx.

38
Q

Define Thyroid Gland

A

Refers to triiodothyronine

39
Q

Define Cretinism

A

Condition of severe congenital hypothyroidism

-ism = condition, process
cretin- = cretin

40
Q

Define Exophthalmos

A

Protrusion of the eyeballs; caused by hyperthyroidism

ex- = out, outward
ophthalm/o- = eye

41
Q

Define Goiter

A

Benign enlargement of the thyroid gland.

42
Q

Define Hyperparathyroidism

A

Excessive levels of one or more parathyroid hormones

-ism = condition, process
-oid = resembling
hyper- = excessive, above
para- = adjacent, beside
-thyr- = thyroid

43
Q

Define Hypoparathyroidism

A

Deficient levels of one or more parathyroid hormones

-ism = condition, process
-oid = resembling
para- = adjacent, beside
-thyr- = thyroid

44
Q

Define Pyrexia

A

A condition of having a fever

-ia = condition
-pyrex- = fever

45
Q

Define Hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive production of thyroid hormones;

two symptoms are tachycardia and hypertension

-ism = condition, process
-oid = resembling
hyper- = excessive, above
-thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid

46
Q

Define Hypothyroidism

A

Deficient production of thyroid hormones;

usually more common in developing countries

-ism = condition, process
-oid = resembling
hypo- = deficient, below, less than normal
-thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid

47
Q

Define Tetany

A

Severe muscle cramps, and spasms;

it can be caused by hypocalcemia among other causes.

convulsive tension in Greek.

48
Q

Define Thyroidectomy

A

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland

-ectomy = surgical excision (removal)
-oid- = resembling
thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid

49
Q

Define Thyrotoxicosis

A

disorder produced by excessive thyroid hormone production.

(also called hyperthyroidism)

-osis = abnormal condition
thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid
toxic/o- = poison

50
Q

Define Adrenal (Glands)

A

Plays a key role in the metabolism of sugars, salts, and sex;

also regulates our “fight or flight” response.

located on the top of each kidney

aka suprarenal glands

-al = pertaining to
ad- = to, toward
-ren-, ren/o- = kidney
supra- = above

51
Q

Define Adrenaline

A

Produces “fight or flight” response

aka: epinephrine

52
Q

Define Idiopathic

A

Pertaining to a disease of unknown cause/etiology

-ic = pertaining to
idi/o- = unknown
-path- = disease

53
Q

Define Androgens

A

Hormones that produces masculine characteristics;

produced by the adrenal cortex

-gen = to produce
andr/o- = male

54
Q

Define Estrogens

A

Hormones that promote the development of female characteristics; produced by the adrenal cortex

-gen = to produce
frenzy, mad impulse in Latin (estrus)

55
Q

Define Genital

A

Relating to the primary male or female sex organs

-al = pertaining to
genit-, genit/o- = genitals, primary sex organs

56
Q

Define prefix Hyper-

A

Excessive

57
Q

Define Pancreas

A

influences sugar metabolism via secretions of insulin and glucagon + helps in the process of digestion

pancreat/o- = pancreas

58
Q

Define Exocrine

A

A gland that secretes outwardly through ducts;

opposite of endocrine glands which are ductless & secrete directly into the blood.

exo- = outward
-crine, crin/o- = secrete

59
Q

Define Glucagon

A

Pancreatic hormone that supports increased blood glucose levels

-agon = to fight
gluc- = sugar, glucose

60
Q

Define Insulin

A

Hormone that lowers blood glucose and is normally secreted in response to hyperglycemia

-in = substance, chemical, compound
insul- = an island

61
Q

Define Insulin Shock

A

Symptomatic, severe, hypoglycemia

-in = substance, chemical, compound
insul- = an island

62
Q

Define Coma

A

State of deep unconsciousness.

deep sleep in Greek

63
Q

Define Diabetes Mellitus

A

A metabolic syndrome caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency and/or ineffectiveness

diabetes = a siphon in Greek
mellitus = sweetened with honey in Latin

63
Q

Define Gestational Diabetes

A

A condition of elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy

-al = pertaining to
-ation = process, action
gestat/o- = bearing, pregnant
diabet- = diabetes

64
Q

Define Hyperglycemia

A

High level of glucose (sugar) in the blood; blood condition of excessive glucose

-emia = a blood condition
hyper- = above, excessive
-glyc- = glucose

65
Q

Define Hypoglycemia

A

Low level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

<70mg/dL (milligram / deciLiter)
deciLiter = 1/10th of a Liter

-emia = a blood condition
hypo- = below, deficient, less than normal
-glyc- = glucose

66
Q

Define Nephropathy

A

Any disease of the kidney

-pathy = disease
nephr/o- = kidney

66
Q

Define Diabetic Nephropathy

A

Disease of the kidney due to chronic hyperglycemia r/t (related to) diabetes.

-pathy = disease
nephr/o- = kidney

67
Q

Define Neuropathy

A

Disease of the nerves

-pathy = disease
neur/o- = nerve

68
Q

Define Diabetic Neuropathy

A

Disease of the nervous system;

a complication of diabetes, which causes numbness and tingling (paresthesias) in the fingers and toes.

-pathy = disease
neur/o- = nerve

69
Q

Define Paresthesia

A

An abnormal sensation

(ex: tingling, burning, pricking)

-ia = condition
par- = abnormal
-esthes- = sensation

plural = paresthesias

70
Q

Define Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

one of three cardinal signs of diabetes

-ia = condition
poly- = many, much, excessive
-dips- = thirst

71
Q

What are the three cardinal signs of Diabetes?

A
  • Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
  • Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
  • Polyuria (excessive urination)
72
Q

Define Polyphagia

A

excessive hunger; condition of much eating

-ia = condition
poly- = much, many, excessive
-phag- = eat

73
Q

Define Polyuria

A

Excessive production of urine

-ia = condition
poly- = many, much, excessive
-ur- = urine

74
Q

Define Diabetic Retinopathy

A

Degenerative disease of the retina due to diabetes.

-pathy = disease
retin/o- = retina of the eye

75
Q

Define Ketoacidosis

A

Excessive ketones in the blood, making it acidic;

a common byproduct of uncontrolled diabetes.

-osis = abnormal condition
ket/o- = ketone
-acid- = acid

76
Q

Define Ketone

A

Chemical formed in uncontrolled diabetes or in starvation.

byproduct of body using fat for metabolism when it can’t use glucose (sugar)

think Keto diet

77
Q

Define Ketosis

A

A condition of excessive production of ketones

-osis = abnormal condition
ket- = ketone

78
Q

Define word root metabol-

A

change

hlth 125 (15 decks)

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