CH 12: Endocrine System Flashcards
Define Antidiuretic
An agent that decreases urine production (hormone)
-ic = pertaining to
anti- = against
di- = complete
-uret- = urination
Define Endocrine (Glands)
Literally to secrete within;
refers to glands that secrete their chemical messengers internally and directly into the bloodstream
endo- = within
-crine, crin/o- = secrete
Define Endocrinology
Medical specialty concerned with the production and effects of hormones
-logy = study of
endo- = within
-crine, crin/o- = secrete
Define Endocrinologist
A medical specialist in endocrinology
-logist = medical specialist, one who studies
endo- = within
-crine, crin/o- = secrete
Define Hormone
Chemical messengers of the endocrine system secreted directly into the blood stream.
form in one tissue or organ and carried by the bloodstream to stimulate or inhibit a function of another tissue or organ
hormon- = hormone (to set in motion in Greek)
Define Hypothalamus
ENdocrine gland that lies below the thalamus (produces two hormones)
hypo- = below, less than
-thalam/o- = thalamus
Define Melatonin
Hormone formed by the pineal gland that regulates the sleep-wake cycle known as “Circadian Rhythm.”
-in = substance, chemical, compound
mela- = black
-ton- = tension, pressure
Define Circadian Rhythm
A physical, mental, and behavioral change that follow a daily cycle.
Define Oxytocin
Pituitary hormone that stimulates the uterus to contract in childbirth and contractions of breast tissue for lactation.
-in = substance, chemical, compound
oxy- = oxygen
-toc- = labor and childbirth
Define Pineal
Responsible for regulating the body’s sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)
Define Pineal Gland
A gland in the brain that secretes melatonin.
Pertaining to the pineal gland.
Define Pituitary
Pertaining to the pituitary gland.
-ary = pertaining to
pituit/o- = pituitary
Define Pituitary Gland
The “master gland” of the endocrine system that regulates much of the control over other endocrine glands, influencing production of hormones in other endocrine glands.
-ary = pertaining to
pituit/o- = pituitary
Define Hypertension
Condition of excessive or persistent high arterial blood pressure.
-ion = process, action
hyper- = excessive
-tens- = pressure
Define Hypotension
Excessive or persistent low arterial blood pressure
-ion = process, action
hypo- = low, less than
-tens- = pressure
What is Normal Blood Pressure for adults?
an average of 120/80 (120 over 80)
increase = increase in pressure
decrease = decrease in pressure
Define Bradycardia
slow heart rate
(<60 beats/min in an adult)
-ia = condition
brady- = slow
cardi- = heart
Define Tachycardia
fast heart rate
(>100 beats/min in an adult)
-ia = condition
tachy- = fast
cardi/o- = heart
Define Hyperpituitarism
excessive secretion of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland
Define Hypopituitarism
insufficient secretion of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland
Define Acromegaly
Enlargement of the head, hands, and feet due to excess growth hormone after puberty
-megaly = abnormal enlargement
acr/o- = peak, highest point
Define Gigantism
Abnormal growth (height + size) due to an overproduction of growth hormone in children before puberty
Define Adrenocorticotropic
hormone of anterior pituitary that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce its own hormones.
-tropic = turning, change
adren/o- = adrenal gland
cortic/o- = cortex
Define Corticosteroid
hormone produced by the adrenal cortex
-steroid = steroid
cortic/o- = cortex
Define Cortisone
“stress hormone” produced by adrenal cortex
-one = hormone
cortis- = from the cortex
Define Gonadotropin
Stimulates the production of testosterone and estrogen
-tropin = stimulate
gonad/o- = testis, ovary
Define Gonad
An organ that produces sex cells;
a testis or an ovary
gonad/o- = gonad (seed in Latin)
Define Hydrocortisone
Potent glucocorticoid used to suppress inflammation (also called Cortisol)
-one = hormone
hydr/o- = water
-cortis- = from the cortex
Define Prolactin
Pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of milk
-in = substance, chemical, compound
pro- = before
-lact, lact/o- = milk
Define Somatotropin
Hormone of the anterior pituitary that stimulates the growth of body tissues
aka growth hormone
-tropin = stimulate
somat/o- = the body
Define Adenoma
A benign neoplasm of epithelial tissue
-oma = tumor
aden-, aden/o- = gland, node
Define Calcitonin
Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that moves calcium from blood to bones
-in = substance, chemical, compound
-calc/i- = calcium
-ton- = tension, pressure
Define Emaciation
Abnormal thinnes
-ation = process, action
emac/i- = make thin
Define Emaciated
Pertaining to being abnormally thin
-ated = pertaining to a condition
emac/i- = make thing
Define Parathyroid (Glands)
Direct calcium release from the bones to the blood when there is an insufficient level in the blood;
four small glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
-oid = resembling
para- = adjacent, beside
thyr/o-, -thyr- = thyroid
Define Thymus (Gland)
Essential for building the body’s immunity, especially in the early years of development; located in the mediastinum.
thym/o- = thymus
Define Thyroid
Gland that controls the body’s metabolic rate;
endocrine gland below the adam’s apple or refers to a cartilage of the larynx.
Define Thyroid Gland
Refers to triiodothyronine
Define Cretinism
Condition of severe congenital hypothyroidism
-ism = condition, process
cretin- = cretin
Define Exophthalmos
Protrusion of the eyeballs; caused by hyperthyroidism
ex- = out, outward
ophthalm/o- = eye
Define Goiter
Benign enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Define Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive levels of one or more parathyroid hormones
-ism = condition, process
-oid = resembling
hyper- = excessive, above
para- = adjacent, beside
-thyr- = thyroid
Define Hypoparathyroidism
Deficient levels of one or more parathyroid hormones
-ism = condition, process
-oid = resembling
para- = adjacent, beside
-thyr- = thyroid
Define Pyrexia
A condition of having a fever
-ia = condition
-pyrex- = fever
Define Hyperthyroidism
Excessive production of thyroid hormones;
two symptoms are tachycardia and hypertension
-ism = condition, process
-oid = resembling
hyper- = excessive, above
-thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid
Define Hypothyroidism
Deficient production of thyroid hormones;
usually more common in developing countries
-ism = condition, process
-oid = resembling
hypo- = deficient, below, less than normal
-thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid
Define Tetany
Severe muscle cramps, and spasms;
it can be caused by hypocalcemia among other causes.
convulsive tension in Greek.
Define Thyroidectomy
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland
-ectomy = surgical excision (removal)
-oid- = resembling
thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid
Define Thyrotoxicosis
disorder produced by excessive thyroid hormone production.
(also called hyperthyroidism)
-osis = abnormal condition
thyr-, thyr/o- = thyroid
toxic/o- = poison
Define Adrenal (Glands)
Plays a key role in the metabolism of sugars, salts, and sex;
also regulates our “fight or flight” response.
located on the top of each kidney
aka suprarenal glands
-al = pertaining to
ad- = to, toward
-ren-, ren/o- = kidney
supra- = above
Define Adrenaline
Produces “fight or flight” response
aka: epinephrine
Define Idiopathic
Pertaining to a disease of unknown cause/etiology
-ic = pertaining to
idi/o- = unknown
-path- = disease
Define Androgens
Hormones that produces masculine characteristics;
produced by the adrenal cortex
-gen = to produce
andr/o- = male
Define Estrogens
Hormones that promote the development of female characteristics; produced by the adrenal cortex
-gen = to produce
frenzy, mad impulse in Latin (estrus)
Define Genital
Relating to the primary male or female sex organs
-al = pertaining to
genit-, genit/o- = genitals, primary sex organs
Define prefix Hyper-
Excessive
Define Pancreas
influences sugar metabolism via secretions of insulin and glucagon + helps in the process of digestion
pancreat/o- = pancreas
Define Exocrine
A gland that secretes outwardly through ducts;
opposite of endocrine glands which are ductless & secrete directly into the blood.
exo- = outward
-crine, crin/o- = secrete
Define Glucagon
Pancreatic hormone that supports increased blood glucose levels
-agon = to fight
gluc- = sugar, glucose
Define Insulin
Hormone that lowers blood glucose and is normally secreted in response to hyperglycemia
-in = substance, chemical, compound
insul- = an island
Define Insulin Shock
Symptomatic, severe, hypoglycemia
-in = substance, chemical, compound
insul- = an island
Define Coma
State of deep unconsciousness.
deep sleep in Greek
Define Diabetes Mellitus
A metabolic syndrome caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency and/or ineffectiveness
diabetes = a siphon in Greek
mellitus = sweetened with honey in Latin
Define Gestational Diabetes
A condition of elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy
-al = pertaining to
-ation = process, action
gestat/o- = bearing, pregnant
diabet- = diabetes
Define Hyperglycemia
High level of glucose (sugar) in the blood; blood condition of excessive glucose
-emia = a blood condition
hyper- = above, excessive
-glyc- = glucose
Define Hypoglycemia
Low level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
<70mg/dL (milligram / deciLiter)
deciLiter = 1/10th of a Liter
-emia = a blood condition
hypo- = below, deficient, less than normal
-glyc- = glucose
Define Nephropathy
Any disease of the kidney
-pathy = disease
nephr/o- = kidney
Define Diabetic Nephropathy
Disease of the kidney due to chronic hyperglycemia r/t (related to) diabetes.
-pathy = disease
nephr/o- = kidney
Define Neuropathy
Disease of the nerves
-pathy = disease
neur/o- = nerve
Define Diabetic Neuropathy
Disease of the nervous system;
a complication of diabetes, which causes numbness and tingling (paresthesias) in the fingers and toes.
-pathy = disease
neur/o- = nerve
Define Paresthesia
An abnormal sensation
(ex: tingling, burning, pricking)
-ia = condition
par- = abnormal
-esthes- = sensation
plural = paresthesias
Define Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
one of three cardinal signs of diabetes
-ia = condition
poly- = many, much, excessive
-dips- = thirst
What are the three cardinal signs of Diabetes?
- Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
- Polyuria (excessive urination)
Define Polyphagia
excessive hunger; condition of much eating
-ia = condition
poly- = much, many, excessive
-phag- = eat
Define Polyuria
Excessive production of urine
-ia = condition
poly- = many, much, excessive
-ur- = urine
Define Diabetic Retinopathy
Degenerative disease of the retina due to diabetes.
-pathy = disease
retin/o- = retina of the eye
Define Ketoacidosis
Excessive ketones in the blood, making it acidic;
a common byproduct of uncontrolled diabetes.
-osis = abnormal condition
ket/o- = ketone
-acid- = acid
Define Ketone
Chemical formed in uncontrolled diabetes or in starvation.
byproduct of body using fat for metabolism when it can’t use glucose (sugar)
think Keto diet
Define Ketosis
A condition of excessive production of ketones
-osis = abnormal condition
ket- = ketone
Define word root metabol-
change
