CH 1 & 2 Quiz Review - CH2 Flashcards
What makes up the human body?
organ systems
what makes up organ systems?
organs
What makes up organs?
similar tissues
What makes up tissues?
similar cells
what makes up cells?
organelles
What makes up organelles?
molecules
What makes up molecules?
two or more atoms
What makes up atoms?
n/a - atoms are the small, basic units of matter
What is the structure of a cell?
from inside out:
- nucleus (in cytoplasm)
- organelles (in cytoplasm)
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
What is the clear fluid within the cell membrane called?
Cytoplasm
define anabolism
the buildup of complex substances in the cell from simpler ones as a part of metabolism
define the word root anabol-
build up
define catabolism
the breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones as a part of metabolism
deconstruct the word catabolism
-ism + catabol-
(suffix + root)
literally process + break down
define cell
the smallest unit of the body capable of independent existence
define connective tissue
the supporting tissue of the body
define cytology
study of the structure and functions of a cell
deconstruct the word cytology
-logy + cyt/o-
(suffix + comb. form)
literally: study of + cell
define cytologist
specialist in the structure, chemistry, and pathology of the cell
what does the suffix -logist mean?
one who studies, a specialist
define cytoplasm
clear, gelatinous substance that forms the substance of a cell, except for the nucleus
define electrolyte
substance that, when dissolved in a suitable medium, forms electrically charged particles
what does the root / combining form electr/o- mean?
electricity
define histology
Study of the structure and function of tissues, and organs
define histologist
A specialist who studies tissues, organs and cells
define the suffix -logy
study of
define the word root / combining form hist/o-
tissue
define the suffix -logist
one who studies, specialist
define intracellular
within the cell
deconstruct the word intracellular
-ar + intra- + cellul-
(suffix + prefix + root)
literally = pertaining to within small cell
define membrane
thin layer of tissue covering a structure or cavity
define membranous
pertaining to a membrane
define the suffix -ous
pertaining to
define the root membran-
cover, skin
define metabolism
the constantly changing physical and chemical processes occurring in the cell that are the sum of anabolism and catabolism
deconstruct metabolism (noun) and it’s adjective form
metabolism:
1) -ism + metabol-
2) (suffix + root)
3) literally means process + change
metabolic (adj):
1) -ic + metabol-
2) (suffix + root)
3) literally pertaining to condition, process
define muscle
tissue consisting of contractile cells
define nucleus
functional center of a cell or structure
define nuclear
pertaining to a nucleus
define the suffix -ar
pertaining to
define the root nucle-
nucleus
define organ
several different types of tissue that work together to carry out specific functions within a body system
define the root organ
organ
define organelle
a part of a cell that has a specialized function(s)
define the suffix -ism
condition, process
define organism
any whole living, individual plant or animal
define organ system
a group of organs with a specific collective function
define the prefix ribo-
from ribose, a sugar
define tissue
a collection of similar cells
define therapy
systematic treatment of a disease, dysfunction, or disorder
define therapeutic
relating to the treatment of a disease or disorder
define the word root therapeut-
treatment
define the suffix -ist
specialist
What does Tissue mean in Latin
to weave
What does Therapy mean in Greek
medical treatment
define therapist
trained professional; trained in the practice of a particular therapy
define the word root therap-
treatment
What are the four basic types of tissues in the body?
Connective
Epithelial
Muscle &
Nervous
What is the Function of Connective Tissue?
Supporting tissue of the body. It binds, supports, protects, fill spaces, & stores fat.
What is the Location of Connective Tissue?
Widely distributed throughout the body. For example: in blood, bone, cartilage, and fat.
What is the function of Epithelial Tissue?
Protect, secrete, absorb, excrete
What is the location of Epithelial Tissue?
Cover body surface, cover and line internal organs, and compose glands
What is the function of Muscle Tissue?
Movement
What is the location of muscle Tissue?
Attached to bones; found in the walls of hollow tubes, organs, and the heart.
What is the function of Nervous Tissue?
Transmit impulses for coordination, sensory reception, and motor actions
What is the location of Nervous Tissue?
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Where does Connective tissue get it’s name from?
from being a type of tissue that “connects” things such as ligaments that connect bone to bone
List the body/organ systems in the body
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Hematic
Lymphatic
Immune
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive (Male)
Reproductive (Female)
Major organs in Integumentary System?
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Major functions of Integumentary System?
Protect Tissues, Regulate body temp, support sensory receptors
Major organs in Skeletal System?
bones, ligaments, cartilages which all make up the structure of the body
Major functions of Skeletal system?
Provide framework, protect soft tissues, provide attachments for muscles, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts
Major organs in Muscular System?
Muscles
Functions of Muscular system?
Cause movements, maintain posture, produce body heat
Organs in Nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Functions of Nervous System?
Receive and interpret sensory info and, in response, stimulate muscles, glands, and other organ systems
Organs in Endocrine System?
Glands that secrete hormones:
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreas
ovaries
testes
pineal
thymus
Functions of Endocrine System?
Control metabolic activities of organs
Organs in Cardiovascular system?
Heart & blood vessels
Function of Cardiovascular system?
Move blood and transport substances through body
Organs in Hematic System?
Formed elements of blood and the liquid matrix (Plasma, RBCs, WBCs and platelets)
Function of Hematic System?
Transports nutrition and waste; protects against pathogens, control bleeding.
Organs in Lymphatic System?
Lymph vessels and nodes, thymus, spleen
Function of Lymphatic System?
Defend body against infection, return tissue fluid to blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules
Organs in Immune System?
Tonsils, thymus, spleen
Function of Immune System?
Protects body from pathogens, memorizes antibody defense mechanisms
Organs in Digestive System?
Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines
Functions of Digestive System?
Receive, break down, and absorb food; eliminate unabsorbed material
Organs in Respiratory System?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Function of Respiratory system?
System that includes all the organs and passageways involved in respiration (breathing).
Organs in Urinary System?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Function of Urinary System?
Remove wastes from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store, and transport urine
Organs in Male Reproductive system?
Scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis
Function of Male Reproductive System?
Produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract
Organs in Female Reproductive Systems?
Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva
Function of Female Reproductive System?
Produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo, function in birth process
Define Cardiovascular
pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
deconstruct the word cardiovascular
-ar + cardi/o- + -vascul-
(suffix + combining form + root)
literally: pertaining to + heart + blood vessel
define homeostasis
Maintaining the stability of a system or the body’s internal environment
define the suffix -stasis
standstill, control
define the word root / combining form home/o-
the same
Define Integumentary
pertaining to the covering of the body
define the word part integument-
covering of the body
define skeleton
the bony framework of the body
define skeletal
pertaining to the skeleton
define the suffix -al
pertaining to
define the word root skelet-
skeleton
What is Skeleton in Greek?
Skeleton or mummy
Define anatomical position
for the body to be in anatomical position, the body is…
- standing erect and facing forward
- feet flat on the floor
- face and eyes facing forward
- arms at the sides
- toes and palms of the hands facing forward
Why do we have anatomical directional terms?
to assist medical personnel in discussing position or location of a patient’s complaint
define superior
pertaining to or situated above
- more toward head or further upward
define inferior
pertaining to or situated below
define medial
middle; pertaining to the middle; nearer to the middle of the body
define lateral
pertaining to the side of a structure; refers to more toward the side
define proximal
pertaining to nearer to the center
define distal
pertaining to away from the center of the body; further from the point of attachment to the body
Define superficial
more toward the surface of the body
define deep
further away from the surface of the body
define supine
lying face up, flat on your back/spine
define prone
lying face-down, flat on your belly
define apex
the uppermost part or conical shaped part of an organ
define base
bottom or lower part of an organ
define posterior
pertaining to the back of the body; situated behind
define dorsal
pertaining to the back or situated behind (same as posterior, opposite of anterior)
define anterior
pertaining to the front surface of the body; situated in front
define ventral
pertaining to the belly or situated nearer the surface of the belly (same as anterior)
True or False: There are three anatomical planes. They are imaginary lines that pass through the body.
True
What is the frontal plane?
a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions (front and back)
What is the Sagittal Plane?
A vertical plane through the body dividing it into right and left portions
What is the transverse/horizontal plane?
A plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions (top and bottom)
Define anatomy
Study of the structures of the human body
What are the Abdominal Quadrants?
four specific areas of the abdomen:
- right upper quadrant (ruq)
- right lower quadrant (rlq)
- left upper quadrant (luq)
- left lower quadrant (llq)
What are the 9 most commonly referenced regions of the abdomen?
Epigastric region
hypogastric region
umbilical region
lumbar region
right lumbar/flank region
left lumbar/flank region
inguinal region
right inguinal region
left inguinal region
define epigastric region
abdominal region referring to the area “above the stomach”
define hypogastric region
literally refers to the area “below the stomach”; however it is well below the stomach and below the umbilical region as well
define umbilical region
the center of the abdomen; pertains to the area around the umbilicus
define lumbar region
lies to the right and left of the umbilical region and the lower aspect of the back
define inguinal region
the limited area where the thigh meets the pelvic area
What are the 5 major body cavities?
Thoracic (ventral)
abdominal (ventral)
pelvic (ventral)
cranial (dorsal) &
spinal (dorsal)
define abdominal cavity
contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm
define abdominopelvic cavity
includes the abdomen and the pelvic cavity
define cranial cavity
space containing the brain within the skull
define pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, part of large intestines, rectum, anus, and the internal reproductive organs
surrounded by the pelvic bones
define spinal cavity
space containing the spinal cord
define thoracic cavity
contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, trachea, and esophagus
space behind the chest; separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm
define mediastinum
a space within the thoracic cavity between the lungs
contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus
define abdomen
part of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis
define abdominal
pertaining to the abdomen
define abdominopelvic
pertaining to the abdomen and pelvis
define suffix -ic
pertaining to
define word root abdomin/o-
abdomen
define root -pelv-
pelvis
define cavity
a hollow space or body compartment
define cephalic
pertaining to or nearer to the head
define word root cephal-
head
define cranial
pertaining to the skull/cranium
define diaphragm
muscular sheet separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities
define gastric
pertaining to the stomach
define epigastric
abdominal region above the stomach
define prefix epi-
above
define prefix hypo-
below
define quadrant
one quarter of a circle; one of four regions of the surface of the abdomen
define thoracic
pertaining to the chest
define thorax
the part of the trunk between the abdomen and the neck
define the root thorac-
chest
define umbilical
pertaining to the umbilicus or the center of the abdomen
define the root umbilic-
navel (belly button) - same in latin
