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PathoPharm 2 > ch 34 heart failure > Flashcards

ch 34 heart failure Flashcards

1
Q

what is considered a reduced ejection fraction

A

less than 50%

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2
Q

primary risk factors HF (6)

A
  • CAD
  • HTN
  • rheumatic heart disease
  • congenital heart defects
  • pulmonary HTN
  • hyperthyroidism
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3
Q

other risk factors HF (just for reference - 6)

A
  • anemia
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • infection
  • dysrhythmias
  • diabetes
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4
Q

what body system will L sided heart failure affect

A

pulmonary

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5
Q

what body system will R sided heart failure affect

A

systemic (all of body)

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6
Q

L sided HF S+S (10)

A
  • pulmonary edema
  • hypoxia
  • SOB
  • crackles
  • pink frothy sputum
  • cough
  • tachypnea
  • orthopnea
  • cyanosis
  • paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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7
Q

R sided HF S+S (6)

A
  • JVD
  • hepato+splenomegaly
  • ascites
  • peripheral edema
  • weight gain
  • heart murmurs
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8
Q

how does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affect bp

A

affects diastolic bp

muscle enlarged, less room in ventricles

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9
Q

how does dilated cardiomyopathy affect bp

A

affects systolic bp

stretching and thinning of muscles

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10
Q

FACES of HF - when the pt should call hcp

A 
Fatigue
A limited activity
Chest congestion + cough
Edema
Shortness of breath
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11
Q

2 ways to diagnose HF

A
  • echocardiogram (transthoracic or transesophageal)

- blood test for BNP

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12
Q

what BNP is indicative of HF

A

> 100

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13
Q

what type of echocardiogram is better to see ventricles

A

transthoracic

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14
Q

what type of echocardiogram is better to see atria

A

transesophageal

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15
Q

what does decreased cardiac output lead to (with kidneys)

A

kidneys conserve water, fluid overload

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16
Q

complications of HF (4)

A
  • fluid volume overload (pleural effusion, pulmonary edema)
  • atrial fibrillation
  • loss of atrial contraction (reduces CO by 10-20%)
  • fatal dysrhythmias
17
Q

HF + ?% EF is high risk for fatal dysrhythmias

A

EF <35%

18
Q

how to treat fluid volume overload (2)

A
  • loop diuretic

- O2

19
Q

how would a thiazide diuretic help treat HF (2)

A
  • decreases bp

- treats fluid volume overload

20
Q

how would a ACE inhibitor or ARB help treat HF (2)

A
  • decreases bp

- treats fluid volume overload

21
Q

how would vasodilators (nitrate, hydralazine) help treat HF (1)

A

-addresses CAD

22
Q

how would b blockers help treat HF (1)

A

-decreases HR

23
Q

how would positive inotropes (dobutamine, digoxin) help treat HF (1)

A

-increase force of contraction

24
Q

how would anticoagulants help treat HF (1)

A

-stroke prevention for Afib

25
Q

for what amount weight gain should pt call hcp

A

within 1 week: 3-5 lbs

overnight: 1-2 lbs

26
Q

max salt intake per day for HF pts

A

2.5 g

27
Q

S+S acute decompensated HF (8)

A
  • pulmonary edema
  • orthopnea
  • dyspnea
  • cough
  • pink sputum
  • crackles
  • wheezes
  • increased or decreased bp
28
Q

what ethnicities develop HF at earlier age and have higher mortalities (2)

A
  • black

- hispanic

29
Q

what is normal ejection fraction %

A

55-65%

30
Q

most common cause of HF in men and best way to treat it

A

ischemic heart disease (MI, CAD)

treat with ACE inhibitor

31
Q

most common cause of HF in women

A

HTN

32
Q

S+S digoxin toxicity (5)

A
  • confusion
  • lethargy
  • N/V
  • blurred vision
  • yellow halos in vision
33
Q

fluid overload S+S (6)

A
  • edema
  • ascites
  • JVD
  • S3 heart sound
  • crackles
  • hypoxia
34
Q

indications for heart transplant (4)

A
  • end stage HF
  • severe inoperable valvular heart disease
  • recurrent life threatening dysrhythmias unresponsive to medical treatment or defibrillators
  • heart abnormalities that severely limit normal function and/or have mortality risk of 50%+ within 2 years
35
Q

absolute contraindications for heart transplant (5)

A
  • 70 yo +
  • life threatening illness with survival of <5 years
  • advanced cerebral or peripheral vascular disease
  • active infection (including HIV)
  • severe pulmonary disease that will require ventilator support

PathoPharm 2 (33 decks)

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