Ch 12 (test 2)

Question 1

Anesthetics

Answer 1

Drugs that depress the CNS and PNS to produce a loss of consciousness, loss of pain response or other stimulus, and muscle relaxation. They work by interfering with nerve conduction. Classified as general or local according to their action.

Question 2

General anesthetics

Answer 2

drugs used to provide pain relief, analgesia, amnesia, and unconsciousness. They block muscle reflexes during surgery. (anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist)

Question 3

High risk for general anesthetic

Answer 3

1. Those with CNS disease
2. Respiratory disease
3. cardiac disease

Question 4

Helper drugs for anesthesia

Answer 4

1. anticholinergic: decrease secretion
2. sedative/hypnotic: relax, amnesia
3. antiemetics: decrease N and V.
4. antihistamine: lessen risk for allergy
5. narcotics: aide analgesia/sedation

Question 5

Nitrous oxide

Answer 5

inhalation general anesthesia vaporized in oxygen (12:2)

Question 6

ethrane

Answer 6

inhalation general anesthesia vaporized in oxygen (12:2)

Question 7

Ketalar

Answer 7

parenteral general anesthesia (12:1)

Question 8

Diprivan, proprofol

Answer 8

parenteral general anesthesia (12:1)

Question 9

pentothol

Answer 9

parenteral general anesthesia

Question 10

Overton-Meyer theory

Answer 10

for all anesthetics, potency varies directly with lipid solubility. Across a continuum of drug potency, fat-soluble drugs are stronger anesthetics than water-soluble drugs. (lipid-soluble anesthetics can cross the blood-brain barrier to concentrate in nerve cell membranes).

Question 11

General anestesia effect on organs

Answer 11

1. resp: decrease muscles for resp: dec gas exchange, loss of cough and gag reflex: possible laryngospasms
2. cardia; decrease BP, tachycardia
3. GI: decreases blood flow to liver
4. Renal: decrease GFR
5. Cutaneous: vasodilation (cold)
6. CNS: dec alertness, dec LOC

Question 12

Inhaled anesthesia

Answer 12

1. inhaled and excreted by lungs
2. hypothermia in PACU
3. with elderly can cause confusion
4. halogen gas anesthetics can produce liver toxicity
5. malignant hyperthermia

Question 13

injectable anesthesia

Answer 13

1. used for SHORT duration surgeries
2. 15 seconds to effects
3. SE: hangover, apnea, laryngospasm/coughing after extubation, dec BP, dec HR, restlessness, N&V.

Question 14

exaggerated patient response to inhaled anesthesia

Answer 14

1. hypotension
2. prolonged respiratory depression
3. prolonged recovery period

Question 15

malignant hyperthermia

Answer 15

occurs in genetically susceptible patient; there is a failure of calcium uptake by muscle cells. Body temperature increase, tachycardia, tachypnea, and muscle rigidity.

Question 16

Dantrium

Answer 16

1. antidote to inhaled anesthesia in event of malignant hyperthermia.
2. skeletal muscle relaxant that decreases metabolic activity.

Question 17

Local anesthetics

Answer 17

A regional anesthetic that renders a specific area of the body insensitive to pain without a loss of consciousness. decreases pain by blocking the conduction of pain impulses in the circumscribed area.

Question 18

Types of Local anesthetic

Answer 18

1. epidurals: inject anesthetic via catheter into epidural space.
2. Novocain: in gums for dental work
3. spinal anesthesia; intrathecal;
4. nere blocks; injected into nerve root

Question 19

local anesthetic mechanism of action

Answer 19

interferes with pain transmission in the area. nerve conduction is blocked only where the anesthetic is applied. It blocks the generation and concentration of impulse through all nerve fibers by blocking the movement of ions (Na, K, and Ca).

Question 20

Topical local anesthetics

Answer 20

1. applied to skin
2. root word ends in caine
3. gels, lotions, ophthalmic drops.

Question 21

Parenteral local anesthetics

Answer 21

injected directly into region and stays there.

Question 22

Xylocaine

Answer 22

parenteral local anesthetic

Question 23

Procaine

Answer 23

parenteral local anesthetic

Question 24

Lidocaine

Answer 24

Parenteral local anesthetic that can be mixed with epinephrine (vasoconstrictor) to decrease blood loss and prevent systemic absorption of the drug.