Ch 12: Motor dysfunction terms

Question 1

Intention tremor

Answer 1

worsening of action tremor as limb approaches a target

Question 2

Dysmetria

Answer 2

undershooting (hypometria) or overshooting (hypermetria) of a target

Question 3

Dyssynergia

Answer 3

breakdown in movement resulting in joints being moved separately to reach desired target as opposed to moving in a smooth trajectory

Question 4

Dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 4

impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements

Question 5

Ataxia

Answer 5

loss of motor control including tremors, dysdiadochokinesia, dyssynergia, and visual nystagmus

Question 6

cogwheel & lead pipe rigidity

Answer 6

cogwheel- alternative contraction/relaxation of muscles being stretched
lead pipe- consistent contraction throughout range. p 471 in pedretti

Question 7

Bradykinesia

Answer 7

overall slowing of movement patterns

Question 8

Akinesia

Answer 8

inability to initiate movements

Question 9

Athetosis

Answer 9

dyskinetic condition that includes inadequate timing, force, and accuracy of movements. Writhing and worm-like

Question 10

Dystonia

Answer 10

involuntary sustained distorted movement or posture involving contraction of groups of muscles

Question 11

Chorea

Answer 11

involuntary movements of face & extremities which are spasmodic and of short duration

Question 12

Hemiballismus

Answer 12

unilateral chorea characterized by violent, forceful movements of proximal muscles

Question 13

dysarthria

Answer 13

motor speech impairments

Question 14

dysphagia

Answer 14

swallowing impairments

Question 15

Serial tasks

Answer 15

comprised of a series of movement linked together to make a whole (dressing)

Question 16

Closed vs Open Tasks

Answer 16

closed : predictable and stable environment (oral care), open: constantly changing environment (driving)

Question 17

Massed practice

Answer 17

Rest time is much less than practice time (e.g. CIMT)

Question 18

Blocked practice

Answer 18

Repetitive practice of the same task uninterrupted by practice of other tasks

Question 19

Stage of Motor Learning: Skill Acquisition

Answer 19

Cognitive stage: occurs during initial instruction and practice of skill. Demonstrate ideal performance.

Question 20

Stage of Motor Learning: Skill Retention

Answer 20

Associated stage: involves carryover as individuals are asked to demonstrate their newly acquired skill after initial practice.

Question 21

Stage of Motor Learning: Skill Transfer

Answer 21

Autonomous stage: Individual demonstrating skill in a new context

Question 22

Knowledge of results (KR)

Answer 22

Feedback given after task performance about the outcome (e.g. “your shirt is on backwards”)

Question 23

Knowledge of performance (KP)

Answer 23

Feedback given after task about nature of performance (e.g. next time, dress your right arm first)

Question 24

Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT)

Answer 24

Normalization of posture and tone is necessary for normal mvmt. Treatment directly emphasizes development of skilled movements for task performance (all other sensorimotor approaches do not emphasize this). Handling is primary intervention.

Question 25

Propriocpetive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

Answer 25

Neuromuscular mechanisms can be hastened through stimulation of proprioceptors. Balanced interplay between agonist and antagonist. Diagonal movements, crossing midline in functional activities.

Question 26

Brunnstrom’s Movement Therapy

Answer 26

Facilitating recover through a specific sequence, reflexive to volitional. Applies to tx of hemiplegia and uses motor patterns available to the pt; goal is to progress through stages of recovery toward more normal and complex mvmt patterns

• Pt should be aided to gain control of limb and that selected sensory stimuli can help initiate and gain control of mvmt. -Examples: Bed positioning
• Bed mobility
• Balance and trunk control
• “pain free” shoulder ROM (pendulum or codman’s exercises)

Question 27

Rood’s Approach

Answer 27

Sensorimotor control is developmentally based. 4 sequential phases of motor control: reciprocal inhibition, co-contraction, heavy work, and skill. “otogenic motor patterns” normalization of tone and muscular responses are achieved via sensory stimulation to elicit desired movement patterns.
Examples: inhibition/facilitory techniques such as icing, stroking, tapping, etc.

Question 28

Modified Ashworth Scale

Answer 28

measures spasticity by quickly stretching the limb in opposite direction of muscle pull. 0: no increase in muscle tone, 4: the affected part is rigid in flexion or extension.

Question 29

Associated Reactions

Answer 29

stimulus: resisted voluntary movement of less involved limb, response: involuntary movement of the contralateral resting limb

Question 30

Serial Splint

Answer 30

Used to achieve a slow, progressive increase in motion by progressive remolding.

Question 31

Overhead suspension sling

Answer 31

Arm support that is supported by a sling and suspended by an overhead rod. Use for people with proximal weakness (ALS, guillan barre, MD)

Question 32

Balance forearm orthoses

Answer 32

i.e. mobile arm supports or ball-bearing forearm orthosis. Allows pt’s with weak proximal musculature to utilize available control of trunk and shoulder to engage in functional tasks.

Question 33

Discrete Tasks

Answer 33

Tasks with recognizable beginning and end. e.g. kicking a ball