Cellular Regulation Study NUR3 Flashcards
Cancer of the epithelial tissue
Carcinoma
Cancer of the glandular organs
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer of the mesenchymal tissue
Sarcoma
Blood forming cells — cancer
Leukemia
Cancer of the lymph tissue
Lymphoma
Cancer of the plasma cells
Myeloma
Health Promotion/Primary prevention: Limit alcohol consumption to ______ drink(s) a day for females and ______ drink(s) a day for males.
1 drink a day for female and 2 drinks a day for males
Health Promotion/Primary prevention: What is the diet that is recommended?
Low-fat diet with increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and lean protein. Limit sugar, salt, nitrites, processed meats, and red meats.
What vitamin supplement and medication should someone at risk of breast cancer take?
Vitamin D and Tamoxifen
What 2 medications can someone take to reduce the risk of colon cancer?
Aspirin and Celecoxib
What immunization is given to prevent HPV?
Gardasil
What cancers are associated with HPV?
Cervical, head, and neck cancer
What is Tamoxifen taken for and what education about the medication would be provided to the patient?
It is given for treatment or prevention of breast cancer. It may be taken for 5-10 years. Side effects are leg cramps, weight gain, fluid retention, and hot flashes.
Schedule of screening for a mammogram
Annually for clients between 45-54 years of age. At 55 years old, screening can be done every 2 years.
Schedule for clinical breast exam screening
every 3 years for clients between 20-30 years of age. Annually for clients older than 40 years old.
Schedule for colonoscopy screening
At age 50 and then every 10 years
For colon cancer prevention, fecal testing is done ________ or stool DNA test every _________.
Fecal testing is done annually and stool DNA test every 3 years.
At what age should annual prostate screening start?
70 years old
Schedule for pap test screening
every 3 years for clients between ages 21-29 years old. every 5 years for clients between 30-65 years old with an HPV DNA test or every 3 years with a pap test alone.
Education for self breast exams
Do it once a month at the same time every month after menses and in the shower. If menses is absent, do it once a month at the same time every month in the shower.
What race and gender is more likely to develop breast cancer
Non-Hispanic white American females
What race and gender is more likely to develop testicular cancer
Non-Hispanic white american male
What race and gender are more likely to develop prostate cancer
African American males
What race is more likely to develop colorectal and pancreatic cancer
African American
What races are more likely to develop liver cancer
Hispanic American and African American
What races are more likely to develop renal pelvis cancer
Native American and African American
What Hepatitis infections increase risk of developing liver cancer
Hep B or Hep C
What infection increases risk of developing cervical cancer
HPV
What disorder increases risk for Lymphoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma
HIV
What bacteria infection increases risk of stomach cancer and lymphoma of stomach lining
H. Pylori
What diagnostic procedure is the most definitive diagnostic procedure for cancer
Biopsy
Mode of action for chemotherapy
A cytotoxic drug that damages cell’s DNA or destroy rapidly dividing cells
Side effects of chemotherapy
Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, alopecia, mucositis, skin changes, anxiety, N/V
True or false: a patient being treated for cancer should report to their HCP about 1 degree elevation in temperature
true
Interventions for administering Ondansetron for N/V related to chemo or radiation
Do not administer with piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn). Assess N/V, bowel sounds before and during treatment. Assess client for EPS(facial grimacing, rigidity, involuntary movements, shuffling walk, trembling hands). Monitor AST/ALT and serum bilirubin during treatment. First treatment is administered prior to chemo.
Patient education for taking Ondansetron at home
Notify HCP of involuntary movement of eyes, face, or limbs
What are the two routes that radiation can be administered
Brachytherapy(internally) or teletherapy(externally)
Interventions for a patient receiving brachytherapy radiation
Ensure no one touches the client’s excretions. Keep in private room with door closed. Radiation source sign needs to be placed on door. Wear dosimeter to track personal amount of radiation exposure. Limit visitors to 30 minute visits and stay 6 feet away. No one pregnant, child bearing, or under the age of 16 should not enter the client’s room.
True or false: A patient receiving teletherapy radiation is not radioactive.
True
Side effects and education for teletherapy radiation
Do not wash off “tattoos” that is used for marking of radiation positioning. May cause fatigue, sensitive skin, and skin conditions. Wear soft, non-restricting clothes.
What type of therapy for treatment of cancer can be effective in treating cancer cells while not affecting healthy cells
Targeted therapy
What type of targeted therapy uses the body’s own defense system to attack foreign cells and may cause immune related adverse events
Immunotherapy
A patient is receiving monoclonal antibodies, specifically rituximab (a type of targeted therapy). What interventions should be taken and what should the patient be monitored for?
Assess for infusion reactions for first 30 minutes to 2 hours of initiation (fever, chills, rigors, rash, headache, hypotension, SOB, bronchospasm, n/v, abdominal pain). Give Benadryl and Tylenol prior to initiation to decrease risk of reaction.
What therapy is used for supportive therapy during chemotherapy by enhancing recovery of bone marrow function after treatment-induced myelosuppression? And what is the most common side effect?
Colony-stimulating factors aka growth factors (-astim, -ostim)
Mode of action for Eryhtopoietin stimulating agents (PROCRIT, -Epoetin) and what causes them to be used during cancer treatment
Stimulates production of RBCs. Used for anemia.
Interventions and things to monitor for PROCRIT or -Epoetin
Assess renal studies, ferritin, transferritin monthly. Administer IV or Subq. Avoid hazardous activity d/t blood pressure side effects. Take iron supplements, vitamin B12, and folic acid as directed. Reticulocyte count should increase within 1-6 weeks.
Treatment options for breast cancer
Lumpectomy, mastectomy, radiation, surgery
Education about measures to prevent and reduce lymphedema
No BPs, venipuncture, or injections on affected arm. Affected arm should not be dependent for long periods of time. Prevent infection, burns, injections, or compromised circulation to affected arm.
Types of local treatment for cancer
surgical, radiation
Types of systemic treatment for cancer
chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, targeted immunotherapy, monoclonal antibody
s/s of lung cancer
fatigue, weight loss, fever, persistent cough with or without hemoptysis, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain or tightness
What tests would you expect to be ordered for someone with suspected lung cancer?
Sputum collection, thoracoscopy/bronchoscopy, X-ray or CT scan, MRI, PET scan, Thoracentesis with pleural biopsy
s/s of colorectal cancer
vomiting, changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, anemia, pain or cramping, incomplete defecation, feeling of fullness
What tests would you expect to be ordered for someone with suspected colorectal cancer?
fecal occult blood (FOBT), fecal immunochemical test (FIT), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
CT guided virtual colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy (definitive test)
What type of diet should a patient suspected of prostate cancer consume?
Diet low in animal fat. Increase omega 3= fish, fruits, and vegetables
Signs and symptoms of prostate cancer
Urinary problems, recurrent bladder infections, hematuria, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes in groin, pain in scrotal area, penile discharge
What diagnostic tests would you expect to be ordered for someone suspected of prostate cancer?
Biopsy, PSA level, Prostate cancer antigen, transrectal ultrasonography, urinalysis, bone scan, CT scan, MRI, or X-ray
Risk factors for leukemia
Ionizing radiation, viral infection, exposure to chemicals and drugs, genetic factors, immunity factors
What should a patient avoid contact with to prevent leukemia?
benzene, formaldehyde, and pesticides
Cues for leukemia
low H/H, low platelets, abnormal WBC count, chromosome analysis of leukemic and MDS cells
Potential complications of leukemia
Infection d/t reduced immunity and chemo (neutropenia); Injury d/t poor clotting from thrombocytopenia and chemo; fatigue d/t reduced gas exchange and increased energy demands; anemia
