Cells Recap

Question 1

define prokaryotes. give 2 examples

Answer 1

a group of single celled organisms with no nucleus and a circular loop of DNA. bacteria and archaea

Question 2

define eukaryotes and give 2 examples

Answer 2

a group of single and
multi-celled organisms with a nucleus and linear strands of DNA.
Animals, plants, fungi, and protists

Question 3

what are the 6 animal kingdoms

Answer 3

Animalia, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista

Question 4

what do all cells contain

Answer 4

a plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, and DNA.

Question 5

what are prokaryote unique features

Answer 5

lack a nucleus, have a single loop of circular DNA, and may
contain some smaller circular units of DNA called plasmids.

Question 6

what are eukaryote unique features

Answer 6

membrane-bound organelles,
multiple strands of linear DNA packed in a nucleus, and tend to be larger than
prokaryotes

Question 7

what is the plasma membrane

Answer 7

selectively permeable barrier between
the intracellular and the extracellular environment (controls what enters and exits the cell)
- made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded molecules

Question 8

cytosol

Answer 8

the aqueous fluid that
surrounds the organelles inside
a cell

Question 9

ribosomes

Answer 9

tiny structures made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
have proteins that fold into large and small subunits
-float freely or attach to RER
-assemble the building blocks to make proteins

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

a double-stranded nucleic acid chain made up of nucleotides.
DNA carries the instructions for
proteins which are required for cell
and organism survival

Question 11

membrane-bound organelle

Answer 11

structure within a cell that is enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer

Question 12

nucleus

Answer 12

 a double membrane bound organelle that protects and confines the genetic information (DNA) of a cell. Inside the nucleus is a smaller structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production

Question 13

plasmid

Answer 13

 a small, circular loop
of DNA that is separate from a chromosome, typically found
in bacteria

Question 14

somatic cells

Answer 14

any cell that is not
a reproductive cell (such as sperm and egg cells). Somatic cells are diploid (2n), meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes – one inherited from each parent

Question 15

mitosis

Answer 15

the cell division phase
which involves the complete separation of sister chromatids and nuclei

Question 16

germline cells

Answer 16

cells that are
involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes

Question 17

meosis

Answer 17

a specialised form of cell
division used to produce gametes in sexually reproducing organisms

Question 18

binary fission

Answer 18

the method of cell
replication used by prokaryotes

Question 19

gametes

Answer 19

reproductive cells that
arise from germline cells that contain half the genetic material (n) of a somatic cell. In humans gametes are sperm and eggs

Question 20

RER

Answer 20

rough endoplasmic reticulum
series of connected flattened sacs with ribosomes on its surface.
- helps transfer and modify proteins made by ribosomes
- located near the nucleus

Question 21

SER

Answer 21

smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- series of connected flattened sacs without ribosomes on its surface.
- responsible for lipid production

Question 22

golgi apparatus

Answer 22

stacked, flatened sacs
It sorts, modifies, and packages proteins for use in the cell or export. Protein-filled vesicles merge with or bud off from it.

Question 23

lysosome

Answer 23

membrane bound
contains digestive enzymes
It is responsible for breaking down cell waste and toxins, acting like a garbage
disposal.

Question 24

mitochondrion

Answer 24

organelle with a folded inner membrane and an outer membrane.
It is the site of aerobic respiration, where ATP (energy) is produced to power the cell. Mitochondria also have their own DNA and ribosomes.

Question 25

chloroplast

Answer 25

double membrane-bound organelle - contains flattened, fluid-filled sacs that are the site of photosynthesis - contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

Question 26

vacuole

Answer 26

membrane-bound sac - used for water and solute storage. - can also play a role in maintaining plant cell structure.

Question 27

cell wall

Answer 27

A sturdy border outside the plasma membrane that provides strength and structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells.

Question 28

vesicle

Answer 28

small, membrane bound sac - transports substances into or out of a cell, or stores substances within a cell.

Question 29

cytoskeleton

Answer 29

large network of protein filaments extending from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. It helps maintain the cell's shape and assists in moving vesicles and other materials around the cell.

Question 30

which 3 main organelles are not membrane bound

Answer 30

ribosome cell wall cytoskeleton

Question 31

matrix

Answer 31

 the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 32

cristae

Answer 32

 the fold of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 33

thylakoid

Answer 33

a flattened sac-like structure inside the chloroplast

Question 34

granum

Answer 34

stack of thylakoids

Question 35

stroma

Answer 35

the fluid substance that makes up the interior of chloroplasts

Question 36

photosynthesis

Answer 36

 the process of converting light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen

Question 37

chlorophyll

Answer 37

 a green pigment found in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. It is responsible for absorbing light energy in photosynthesis

Question 38

list 3 key differences between animal and plant cells

Answer 38

plants have cell wall made of cellulose plants have chloroplasts plants have large vacuoles

Question 39

organelle

Answer 39

structure of a cell with a specialised unction

Question 40

which kingdoms are eukaryotes

Answer 40

animalia, fungi, plantae and protista

Question 41

which kingdoms arent eukaryotes

Answer 41

archaea bacteria