Cells Recap Flashcards
define prokaryotes. give 2 examples
a group of single celled organisms with no nucleus and a circular loop of DNA. bacteria and archaea
define eukaryotes and give 2 examples
a group of single and
multi-celled organisms with a nucleus and linear strands of DNA.
Animals, plants, fungi, and protists
what are the 6 animal kingdoms
Animalia, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista
what do all cells contain
a plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, and DNA.
what are prokaryote unique features
lack a nucleus, have a single loop of circular DNA, and may
contain some smaller circular units of DNA called plasmids.
what are eukaryote unique features
membrane-bound organelles,
multiple strands of linear DNA packed in a nucleus, and tend to be larger than
prokaryotes
what is the plasma membrane
selectively permeable barrier between
the intracellular and the extracellular environment (controls what enters and exits the cell)
- made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded molecules
cytosol
the aqueous fluid that
surrounds the organelles inside
a cell
ribosomes
tiny structures made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
have proteins that fold into large and small subunits
-float freely or attach to RER
-assemble the building blocks to make proteins
DNA
a double-stranded nucleic acid chain made up of nucleotides.
DNA carries the instructions for
proteins which are required for cell
and organism survival
membrane-bound organelle
structure within a cell that is enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer
nucleus
a double membrane bound organelle that protects and confines the genetic information (DNA) of a cell. Inside the nucleus is a smaller structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production
plasmid
a small, circular loop
of DNA that is separate from a chromosome, typically found
in bacteria
somatic cells
any cell that is not
a reproductive cell (such as sperm and egg cells). Somatic cells are diploid (2n), meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes – one inherited from each parent
mitosis
the cell division phase
which involves the complete separation of sister chromatids and nuclei
germline cells
cells that are
involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes
meosis
a specialised form of cell
division used to produce gametes in sexually reproducing organisms
binary fission
the method of cell
replication used by prokaryotes
gametes
reproductive cells that
arise from germline cells that contain half the genetic material (n) of a somatic cell. In humans gametes are sperm and eggs
RER
rough endoplasmic reticulum
series of connected flattened sacs with ribosomes on its surface.
- helps transfer and modify proteins made by ribosomes
- located near the nucleus
SER
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- series of connected flattened sacs without ribosomes on its surface.
- responsible for lipid production
golgi apparatus
stacked, flatened sacs
It sorts, modifies, and packages proteins for use in the cell or export. Protein-filled vesicles merge with or bud off from it.
lysosome
membrane bound
contains digestive enzymes
It is responsible for breaking down cell waste and toxins, acting like a garbage
disposal.
mitochondrion
organelle with a folded inner membrane and an outer membrane.
It is the site of aerobic respiration, where ATP (energy) is produced to power the cell. Mitochondria also have their own DNA and ribosomes.
chloroplast
double membrane-bound organelle
- contains flattened, fluid-filled sacs that are the site of photosynthesis
- contain their
own DNA and ribosomes.
vacuole
membrane-bound sac
- used for water and solute storage.
- can also play a role in maintaining plant cell structure.
cell wall
A sturdy border outside the plasma membrane that provides strength
and structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells.
vesicle
small, membrane bound sac
- transports substances into or out of a
cell, or stores substances within a cell.
cytoskeleton
large network of protein filaments extending from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. It helps maintain the cell’s shape and assists in moving vesicles and other materials around the cell.
which 3 main organelles are not membrane bound
ribosome
cell wall
cytoskeleton
matrix
the space inside the inner
membrane of the mitochondria
cristae
the fold
of the inner membrane of the
mitochondria
thylakoid
a flattened sac-like
structure inside the chloroplast
granum
stack of thylakoids
stroma
the fluid substance
that makes up the interior of
chloroplasts
photosynthesis
the process of
converting light energy, carbon
dioxide, and water into glucose
and oxygen
chlorophyll
a green pigment found
in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. It
is responsible for absorbing light
energy in photosynthesis
list 3 key differences between animal and plant cells
plants have cell wall made of cellulose
plants have chloroplasts
plants have large vacuoles
organelle
structure of a cell with a specialised unction
which kingdoms are eukaryotes
animalia, fungi, plantae and protista
which kingdoms arent eukaryotes
archaea
bacteria
