Bioethics

Question 1

consequence based approach

Answer 1

The right action is the one which
leads to the best overall
consequences or outcome.

aim of this approach is to achieve the maximisation of positive results, with the minimisation of negative results.

Whether an act is right or wrong
depends only on the results.

Question 2

duty / rules based approach

Answer 2

People have an obligation to follow moral rules (duties) even if it
leads to negative consequences.

The core concept is that certain ethical rules must be followed, regardless of the eventual consequences that may be produced
In other words, it is not acceptable to cause immediate or temporary harm in the pursuit of a potential ‘greater good’

Question 3

virtues based approach

Answer 3

approach gives consideration to the moral character of the person carrying out the action (rather than focus on the action)

aim is to focus on the characteristics and behaviours a ‘good’ person would seek to achieve to then be able to act in the right way

Question 4

integrity

Answer 4

being honest
the commitment to knowledge.
- encourages individuals
to act honestly and truthfully, especially when presenting their findings or results.

prioritises an accurate understanding and representation of the facts, whether favourable or unfavourable to an individual’s personal position

encourages scrutiny and criticism

Question 5

justice

Answer 5

be fair
consideration of different people’s opinions and positions

prioritises the fair distribution of resources,
- equal access to the benefits

Question 6

non-maleficence

Answer 6

do no harm

Avoiding actions which lead to harmful consequences

some degree of harm cant be avoided, then it shoudnt be disproportionate to the benefits gained from the action

Question 7

beneficence

Answer 7

do good

The commitment to maximising the benefits involved in taking a particular position or course of action

Aiming to improve the conditions of others through generosity, charity and kindness

focuses on prevention of harm

Question 8

respect

Answer 8

be considerate

Considering the wellbeing, freedom, independence, value and beliefs, autonomy of all people

prioritises the freedom of others to make their own decisions