7C - Second Line of Defence

Question 1

second line of defence

Answer 1

component of the innate immune system characterised by the nonspecific and immediate response to injury and pathogens by a
variety of cells and molecules

Question 2

phagocytosis

Answer 2

a process in which phagocytes consume and
destroy foreign or dead material present in the body by engulfing it through the process of
endocytosis.

Question 3

leukocytes 

Answer 3

a group of blood cells
responsible for protecting the body against pathogens and foreign
material. Also known as white blood cells

Question 4

phagocyte 

Answer 4

a group of leukocytes
responsible for the endocytosis and destruction of pathogens,
foreign material, and cell debris

Question 5

what occurs after phagocytosis engulfs

Answer 5

Once engulfed, lysosomes containing antimicrobial enzymes called lysozymes
present in the cell destroy the foreign or dead material by fusing with the vesicles containing the engulfed material.

Question 6

3 types of phagocytes

Answer 6

neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Question 7

neutrophil 

Answer 7

most common leukocyte Engages in phagocytosis of pathogens and
foreign material, as well as the release of cytokines

Question 8

cytokines

Answer 8

small proteins that act as chemical messengers in the immune system, controlling the growth and activity of other cells

Question 9

macrophage 

Answer 9

a type of leukocyte
found throughout the body that engages in phagocytosis and
antigen presentation

Question 10

dendritic cell 

Answer 10

a type of leukocyte
that engages in phagocytosis and
antigen presentation

Question 11

antigen-presenting cell 

Answer 11

phagocytes that display antigens from consumed
pathogens on their surface and interact with the adaptive immune
system. Also known as professional
antigen-presenting cell

Question 12

examples of antigen presenting cells

Answer 12

macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 13

natural killer (NK) cell

Answer 13

type of leukocyte responsible for the
recognition and destruction of
damaged and/or infected host cells

Question 14

two receptors on NK cells

Answer 14

a killer inhibitory
receptor and a killer activation receptor

Question 15

killer inhibitory receptor –
* killer activation receptor

Answer 15

examines the surface of cells for MHC Class I markers

• binds to certain molecules which appear on cells undergoing
  cellular stress (e.g. infected or cancerous cells).

Question 16

inflammatory response 

Answer 16

series of biochemical events that occur
in the body as a result of infection and/or trauma. Characterised by
swelling, redness, pain, and heat in
the affected tissue

Question 17

eosinophil 

Answer 17

a large granular
leukocyte responsible for the release of toxic chemical mediators

Question 18

interferon 

Answer 18

a cytokine released by
virally infected cells that increases the viral resistance of neighbouring
uninfected cells

Question 19

mast cell 

Answer 19

a type of leukocyte
responsible for releasing histamine during allergic and inflammatory
responses

Question 20

cellular components of second line of defence

Answer 20

phagocytes
Natural Killer Cells
Mast Cells
Eosinophils

Question 21

non cellular components of second line of defence

Answer 21

interferons, complement
proteins, and the initiation of a fever.

Question 22

complement proteins 

Answer 22

a number
of different types of proteins found
in the blood that opsonise, cause lysis, and attract phagocytes to
invading pathogens

Question 23

The three major
outcomes of complement cascade

Answer 23

Opsonisation
chemotaxis
lysis

Question 24

Opsonisation

Answer 24

Complement proteins stick on the outside
surface of pathogens and make it easier
for cells of the immune system, such as
phagocytes, to recognise them as foreign.

Question 25

chemotaxis

Answer 25

Complement proteins gather near a
pathogen and attract phagocytes to it,
making it more likely to be destroyed.

Question 26

lysis

Answer 26

Complement proteins can join together
on the surface of pathogens
- forming a
membrane attack complex (MAC) - creates pores in their membrane.

destroys the pathogen by causing lysis via
the sudden influx of fluid into the pathogen,
causing it to burst.

Question 27

process of inflammation

Answer 27

– initiation, vasodilation,
and migration.