Cardiovascular

Question 1

dihydropyridine CCB. block voltage dependent L-type channels primarily in the vasculature. treat HTN, angina, Raynaud phenomenon.

Answer 1

amlodipine, nimodipine n(subarachnoid hemorrhage), nifedipine

Question 2

non-dihydropyridine CCB. block voltage dependent L-type channels primarily in the heart. treat HTN, angina, a-fib/flutter

Answer 2

verapamil, diltiazem

Question 3

increase cGMP causing smooth muscle relaxation. arterial vasodilation>venous. reduce afterload. treat: severe HTN (1st line in pregnancy), CHF. SE: reflex tachycardia.

Answer 3

Hydralazine

Question 4

short acting. increase cGMP via direct release of NO. dilates veins and arteries. treat HTN emergency. can cause cyanide toxicity.

Answer 4

Nitroprusside

Question 5

Dopamine D1 agonist. coronary, peripheral, renal, and splanchnic vasodilation. decrease BP and increase natriuresis. treat HTN emergency

Answer 5

Fenoldopam

Question 6

vasodilate by increase NO in vascular smooth muscles. mainly venous dilation. treat angina, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary edema. SE: reflex tachycardia

Answer 6

nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate

Question 7

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. greatly decrease LDL, slightly increase HDL, and slightly decrease TG. SE: hepatotoxicity, rhabdomyolysis

Answer 7

statins: lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin…

Question 8

inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue and reduce hepatic VLDL synth. decrease LDL, increase HDL, and slightly decrease TG. SE: red flushed face, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia.

Answer 8

Niacin

Question 9

prevents intestinal reabsorption of adipose tissue. decrease LDL, slightly increase HDL, and slightly increase TG. SE: bad taste, CI discomfort, fat sol vitamin malabsorption.

Answer 9

cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam

Question 10

Prevents cholesterol absorption at SI brush boarder. decrease LDL. SE: rare increase LFTs, diarrhea.

Answer 10

ezetimibe

Question 11

Upregulate LPL causing increase TG clearance. activate PPAR-alpha to induce HDL synth. slightly decrease LDL, slightly increase HDL, and greatly decrease TG. SE: myositis

Answer 11

Fibrates: gemfibrozil, clofibrate, bezafibrate, fenofibrate

Question 12

inhibits Na/K ATPase, causing indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchanger. increase intracell Ca causes positive inotropy. stimulates vagus nerve causing decrease HR. treat CHF, a-fib

Answer 12

digoxin

Question 13

Class 1A antiarrhythmics. Na+ channel blockers. increase AP duration, effective refractory period, and QT interval. treat atrial and vent arrhythmia especially SVT and VT.

Answer 13

Quinidine, Procainamide, and Disopyramide. “The Queen proclaims Diso’s Pyramide”.

Question 14

Class 1B antiarrhythmics. Na+ channel blockers. decrease AP duration. use dependent. treat acute ventricular arrhythmias, especially post MI. digitalis induced arrhythmia.

Answer 14

Lidocaine, Mexiletine

Question 15

Class 1C antiarrhythmics. Na+ channel blockers. significantly prolongs refractory period in AV node. minimal effect of AP duration. treat SVT, a-fib.

Answer 15

Flecainide, Popafenone

Question 16

Class 2. decrease SA and AV node activity by decrease cAMP and Ca currents. suppress pacemaker by decrease phase 4 slope. AV especially. treat: SVT, a-fib/flutter

Answer 16

Beta blockers: metoprolol, propranolol, esmolol, atenolol, timolol, carvediolol.

Question 17

Class 3. K+ channel blockers. increase AP duration, excitatory refractory period, and QT. treat: a-fib/flutter, V-tac.

Answer 17

Amiodarone, Ibutilide, Dofetilide, Sotalol

Question 18

Class 4. CCB. decrease conduction velocity. increase Excitatory refractory period and PR interval. Prevent nodal arrhythmias, rate control in a-fib.

Answer 18

Verapamil, diltiazem.

Question 19

antiarrhythmic. increase K+ out of cell, hyperpolarize and decrease Ica current. diagnose and abolish SVT. very short acting (15 seconds)

Answer 19

adenosine

Question 20

antiarrhythmic. effective in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity.

Answer 20

Mg2+