Cardiac failure Flashcards
1
Q
What is cardiac failure?
A
cardiac output is insufficient to meet body demands
2
Q
What are causes of left heart failure?
A
- loss of myocardium (IHD, cardiomyopathy)
- Pressure overload (aortic stenosis, hypertension)
- volume overload (aortic regurgitation, shunts)
3
Q
What are compensations to heart failure?
A
- elevated sympathetic tone
- fluid retention
- hypertrophy
4
Q
What are causes of right heart failure?
A
- most commonly due to left heart failure
- cor pulmonale (COPD, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, PE)
5
Q
What are exacerbations of cardiac failure?
A
- new MI
- new arrhythmia
- fluid overload
- infection
- PE
6
Q
What is the presentation of cardiac failure?
A
- dyspnoea
- orthopnoea
- oedema
- PND
- Elevated JVP
- oedema
- lung crackle
7
Q
What are investigations for cardiac failure?
A
- CXR
- Echocardiogram
8
Q
What is the management for cardiac failure?
A
- reduce venous pressure (diuretics)
- block RAAS
- block SNS (ß blocker)
