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Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Inhibits Na-Cl transporter in the distal convoluted tubule

Moderate diuresis and reduced excretion of calcium

A

Hydrochlorothiazide
Chorthalidone
Indapamide
Metolazone

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2
Q

Side effects of thiazides

A 
Hyper GLUC
Glycemia
Lipidemia
Uricemia
Calcemia
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3
Q

Inhibits Na-K-2Cl transporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle

A

Furosemide
Bumetanide
Torsemide
Ethacrynic acid

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4
Q

DOC for acute heart failure

A

Furosemide

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5
Q

Sympathetic outflow blocker that activates a2 adrenergic receptors to decrease sympathetic outflow

A

Clonidine

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6
Q

Clonidine must be tapered before discontinuing to avoid

A

Rebound hypertension

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7
Q

Antidote for Clonidine

A

Phentolamine

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8
Q

Sympathetic outflow blocker used for preeclampsia

A

Methyldopa
Guanabenz
Guanfacine

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9
Q

Side effects of Methyldopa

A

Sedation
Hemolytic anemia
Positce Coombs test

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10
Q

Ganglion blocker that competitively blocks Nn nicotinic Ach receptors

A

Hexamethonium
Trimethaphan
Mecamylamine

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11
Q

Nerve terminal blocker that irreversibly blocks the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) of NE
Used for hypertension (obsolete)

A

Reserpine

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12
Q

Side effect of reserpine

A

Suicidal ideation

Rebound suicide

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13
Q

Nerve terminal blocker that inhibits vesicular release of NE from the presynaptic neuron

Used for hypertension (obsolete)

A

Guanethidine

Guanadrel

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14
Q

Alpha 1 selective antagonist for BPH and hypertension

A

Prazosin

Doxazosin, terazosin, tamsulosin, silodosin, alfuzosin

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15
Q

Side effect of alpha 1 selective antagonist

A

1st dose orthostatic hypotension

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16
Q

Alpha 1 blocker most selective for prostatic smooth muscle

A

Tamsulosin

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17
Q

Which anti hypertensive can cause bronchospasm, erectile dysfunction and mask symptoms of hypoglycemia in diabetics?

A

Beta blockers

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18
Q

Which beta blocker has combined alpha and beta blockade that can be used for pheochromocytoma?

A

Carvedilol and Labetalol

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19
Q

What drugs are used to control blood pressure in pheochromocytoma?

A

Phentolamine
Phenoxybenzamine
Labetalol

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20
Q

Vasodilator that alters intracellular calcium metabolism, relaxes arteriolar smooth muscle, vasodilation and decreased afterload

A

Hydralazine

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21
Q

Medications that cause drug induced lupus

A 
HIPP to have lupus
Hydralazine
Isoniazid 
Procainamide
Penicillamine
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22
Q

Vasodilator that opens K channels in vascular smooth muscle causing hyperpolarization and muscle relaxation

A

Minoxidil

Diazoxide

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23
Q

Side effect of minoxidil that is why it is used for alopecia

A

Hypertrichosis

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24
Q

Non dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers

A

Verapamil

Diltiazem

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25
Q

Used for supraventricular tachycardia in OPD setting

A

Verapamil

Diltiazem

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26
Q

Can cause gingival hyperplasia, heart failure, AV block

A

Diltiazem

Verapamil

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27
Q

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used for angina and HTN

A 
Nifedipine
Amlodipine
Isradipine
Clevidipine
Nisoldipine
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28
Q

Parenteral Vasodilator that relaxes smooth muscle by increasing cGMP

A

Nitroprusside

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29
Q

Which vasodilator can cause cyanide toxicity?

A

Nitroprusside

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30
Q

Dopamine agonist (D1) that causes dilation of afferent and efferent arterioles for 10 mins.

A

Fenoldopam

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31
Q

Drug of choice for chronic heart failure

A

ACE inhibitors

ARBs

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32
Q

Anti hypertensive that can cause cough, hyperkalemia

A

Captopril
Enalalril
Benazepril, Fosinopril, Quinapril, Ramipril, Trandolapril, Moexipril

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33
Q

Anti hypertensive that slows ventricular remodelling and increases survival in heart failure

A

ACE inhibitors

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34
Q

Anti hypertensive that delays progression of diabetic nephropathy

Renoprotective

A

ACE inhibitors

ARBs

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35
Q

Why do patients taking ACE and ARBs develop hyperkalemia?

A

Reduces aldosterone levels that causes potassium retention

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36
Q

Renin antagonist that prevents conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

A

Aliskiren

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37
Q

Treatment for malignant hypertension

A

Vasodilators (nitroprusside, fenoldopam or diazoxide)
Diuretics (furosemide)
Beta blockers

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38
Q

Ultra short acting nitrite used for cyanide poisoning

A

Amyl Nitrite

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39
Q

Which portion of the electron transport chain is affected by cyanide?

A

Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase)

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40
Q

Antidote for cyanide poisoning

A

Inhaled amyl nitire
IV Na nitrite
IV sodium thiosulfate

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41
Q

Disease due to exposure to nitrites

Alternating tolerance and loss of tolerance over the weekend

A

Monday disease

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42
Q

Short acting nitrate that release NO, increases cGMP and relaxes smooth muscle

A

Nitroglycerin
Isosorbide dinitrate, mono nitrate
Imdur

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43
Q

Nitrates can cause dangerous hypotension when given with

A

PDE inhibitors (sildenafil)

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44
Q

Works by inhibiting conversion of cGMP to inactive GMP

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

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45
Q

Nitrates can cause headaches due to

A

Meningeal blood vessel dilation

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46
Q

DOC for prinzmetal angina

A

Diltiazem

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47
Q

Drug that can cause Raynaud

Phenomenon

A

Diltiazem

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48
Q

Drugs that can cause gingival hyperplasia

A

Nako Ca Pangit Vera ng gingiva mo

Nifedipine
Cyclosporine
Phenytoin
Verapamil

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49
Q

Drug used for angina prophylaxis

A

Beta blockers

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50
Q

Cytoprotective agent, metabolism modifier used for angina, tinnitus, dizziness

A

Trimetazidine

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51
Q

Inhibits beta oxidation of fatty acids by inhibiting thiolase which enhances glucose oxidation. Prevents decrease in ATP in ischemic states

A

Trimetazidine

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52
Q

Metabolism modifier that can cause EPS, gait instability, restless leg syndrome

Interacts with MAO inhibitors

A

Trimetazidine

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53
Q

Metabolism modifier that reduces a late, prolonged Na current in myocardial cells that decreases intracellular Ca and cardiac force

A

Ranolazine

54
Q

Metabolism modifier that produces QT prolongation

A

Ranolazine

55
Q

Metabolism modifier that works in the funny Na channel in the SA node that decreases hyperpolarization and heart rate

A

Ivabradine

56
Q

Cardiac glycoside that inhibits Na-K ATPase and increases cardiac contractility due to increased intracellular Ca

57
Q

Arrhythmogenesis of digoxin can be increased by

A

Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hypocalcemia

58
Q

Cardiac glyoside that has narrow therapeutic index and can cause visual changes

59
Q

Drugs that have narrow therapeutic index

A 
WALA na Cyang PaPa VasTeD na
Warfarin
Aminoglycosides
Lithium
Amphotericin B
Carbamazepine
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Vancomycin 
Theophylline
Digoxin
60
Q

Antidote for digitalis toxicity

61
Q

Beta 1 selective agonists useful in Acute heart failure

A

Dobutamine

Dopamine

62
Q

Drugs used for ACUTE heart failure

A

Furosemide

Beta agonists and vasodilator (if severe)

63
Q

Drugs used for CHRONIC heart failure

A

Diuretics(loop and spironolactone)
Plus
ACE inhibitor and beta blocker if tolerated
Digitalis if with prominent systolic dysfunction

64
Q

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that increase cAMP by inhibiting its breakdown

Increases intracellular Ca and causes vasodilation

A

Milrinone

Inamrinone

65
Q

Drugs that have no value in CHF

A

Calcium channel blockers

66
Q

Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, often displaying waxing and waning QRS amplitude

Associated with long QT syndrome

A

Torsades de Pointes

67
Q

Class 1 antiarrhythmics

A

Sodium channel blockers

68
Q

Class 2 antiarrhythmics

A

Beta blockers

69
Q

Class 3 antiarrhythmics

A

Potassium channel blockers

70
Q

Class 4 antiarrhythmics

A

Calcium channel blockers

71
Q

This class of anti arrhythmic have local anesthetic activity and act on phase 0 of the cardiac action potential

A

Class 1 (Na channel antagonist)

72
Q

Subclass of Class 1 antiarrhythmics that prolong the AP duration

73
Q

Subclass of Class 1 antiarrhythmics that shorten the AP duration

74
Q

Subclass of Class 1 antiarrhythmics that have no effect on the AP duration

75
Q

Least arryhthmogenic among all antiarrhythmics

76
Q

Most selective Class 1 anti arrhythmics

77
Q

This class 1 antiarrhythmic has significant effects on sodium channels in ischemic tissue nut negligible effect on normal cells

78
Q

This group of anti arrhythmics slow or block conduction in ischemic and depolarized cells and slow or abolish abnormal pacemakers

79
Q

Anti arrhythmic that has class 1A action and can cause refractory arrhythmia

A

Amiodarone

80
Q

Class 1A anti arrhythmic that is used in arrhythmias following MI

Can cause lupus like syndrome

A

Procainamide

81
Q

Class 1A anti arrhythmic that has marked anti muscarinic effects and can cause heart failure

A

Disopyramide

82
Q

Class 1A anti arrhythmic that is also used for malaria

83
Q

Anti arrhythmic that reduces clearance of digoxin

84
Q

Class 1A anti arrhythmic that can cause cinchonism ( headache, vertigo, tinnitus) and autoimmune reactions (ITP)

85
Q

Class 1A anti arrhythmics

A

I am the Queen who Proclaimed Diso’s Pyramid

Quinidine
Procainamide
Disopyramide

86
Q

Treatment for class 1A anti arrhythmic overdose

A

Sodium Lactate

87
Q

Class 1B anti arrhythmics selectively affects what tissue?

A

Ischemic or depolarized Purkinje and ventricular tissue

88
Q

DOC for ventricular arrhythmias post MI and digoxin induced arrhythmias

89
Q

Class 1B anti arrhythmic that can cause agranulocytosis

90
Q

Least cardiotoxic among conventional anti arrhythmics

91
Q

Drugs that can cause agranulocytosis

A 
CCCAPPIT
Clozapine
Co-trimoxazole
Colchicine
Aminopyrine
Phenylbutazone
PTU
Indomethacin
Tocainide
92
Q

Class 1B anti arrhythmics

A

I Buy Mexican Tacos from Lily
Mexiletine
Tocainide
Lidocaine

93
Q

Most proarrhythmogenic class of anti arrhythmics

94
Q

Class 1 anti arrhythmics that can be used for refractory arrhythmias

A

Flecainide
Propafenone
Encainide
Moricizine

95
Q

Class 1 anti arrhythmics contraindicated for post MI

96
Q

Class 1C anti arrhythmics

A

Chicken ay Pagkain for Enrico

Propafenone
Flecainide
Encainide

97
Q

Anti arrhythmics used for WPW

A

Procainamide

Amiodarone

98
Q

Anti arrhythmic used for all types of arrhythmias and acute phase of MI

99
Q

Class 1 anti arrhythmics used for acute ventricular arrhythmia especially for post M

Atrial arrhythmias due to digitalis

100
Q

Class 1 anti arrhythmic used for refractory arrhythmias

101
Q

Anti arrhythmics that act on phase 4 of the cardiac action potential and causes prolonged PR interval

102
Q

Class 1B anti arrhythmic used for acute perioperative and thyrotoxic arrhythmias and SVT

103
Q

Class 3 anti arrhythmic act on which phase of action potential

104
Q

Class of antiarrhythmic that causes prolonged AP duration and can also cause torsades de pointes

105
Q

Class 3 anti arrhythmic that is used for treatment and prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation

A

Dofetilide

Ibutilide

106
Q

Class 3 anti arrhythmic that also has class 2 effects

A

Sotalol and Amiodarone

107
Q

Class 3 anti arrhythmic for refractory arrhythmia

A

Amiodarone

108
Q

Longest half life and most efficacious of all anti arrhythmics

A

Amiodarone

109
Q

Anti arrhythmic that can cause microcrystalline deposits in cornea and skin, thyroid dysfunction and paresthesia, tremors

A

Amiodarone

110
Q

Anti arrhythmic that cause a state and use dependent selective depression of calcium currents

Prolonged PR interval

111
Q

Class 4 anti arrhythmics used for supraventricular tachycardia

A

Verapamil

Diltiazem

112
Q

Miscellaneous anti arrhythmic that is the DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

113
Q

Anti arrhythmic that prolongs PR interval

A

Class 2 and 4

114
Q

Anti arrhythmic that prolongs QT interval

115
Q

Anti arrhythmic that prolongs QRS duration

116
Q

Decreased levels of this ion can cause arrhythmia

117
Q

Diuretic used for mountain sickness

A

Acetazolamide
Brinzolamide
Dichlorphenamide

118
Q

Acetazolamide and cause this type of acid base disorder

A

Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

Acid-zolamide

119
Q

This drug decreases effect of loop diuretics

120
Q

Adverse effects associated with loop diuretics

A 
OH DANG
Ototoxicity
Hypokalemia
Dehydration 
Allgery to sulfa
Nephritis 
Gout
121
Q

Diuretics used for renal calcium stones

122
Q

Spironolsctone can cause

A

Gynecomastia

123
Q

Diuretics that are steroid inhibitors of cytoplasmic aldosterone receptors in cortical collecting duct and reduces K excretion

A

Spironolactone

Eplerenone

124
Q

Spironolactone can cause this type of acid base disorder

A

Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis

125
Q

Potassium sparinf diuretic that reduces the progression of DM nephropathy and reduces mortality post MI

A

Eplerenone

126
Q

Postassium sparing diuretic that inhibits ENaC, reduces Na reabsorption and K excretion

A

Amiloride

Triamterene

127
Q

Drugs that have antiandrogenic effects

A 
Some Drugs Create Awesome Knockers
Cimetidine
Spironolactone
Ketoconazole
Digoxin
128
Q

Major site of action of Mannitol

129
Q

ADH agonist that activates insertion of aquaporin water channels in collecting tubule and cause vasoconstriction

A

Desmopressin, Vasopressin

130
Q

ADH antagonist with unknown mechanism that is used for SIADH

A

Conivaptan, tolvaptan, demeclocyline

131
Q

May occur with rapid correction of hyponatremia

A

Central pontine myelinosis

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