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Bio > C5: Nervous System > Flashcards

C5: Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

neuron

A

the functional unit of the nervous system

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2
Q
  • synapse
  • what are the 2 types of synapse?
A
  • a junction between the axon terminus of a neuron and the dendrites, soma, or axon of a second neuron
  • electrical and chemical
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3
Q
  • electrical synapse
  • what happens to action potential as a result of an electrical synapse?
A
  • occur when the cytoplasms of two cells are joined by gap junctions
  • it will spread directly from one cell to the other
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4
Q
  • chemical synapse
  • what happens to action potential as a result of an chemical synapse?
A
  • found at the ends of axons where they meet their target cell
  • it is converted to a chemical signal
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5
Q

what are the 8 steps required in order for a signal to be transmitted across a a chemical synapse?

A
  1. an AP reaches the end of an axon (synaptic knob)
  2. depolarization of the presynaptic membrane opens voltage gated calcium channels
  3. calcium influx into the presynaptic cell causes exocytosis of neurotransmitter stored in secretory vesicles
  4. neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the narrow synaptic cleft
  5. neurotransmitter binds to receptor proteins in the postsynaptic membrane. these receptors are ligand gated ion channels
  6. the opening of these ion channels in the post synaptic cell alters the membrane polarization
  7. if the membrane depolarization of the postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold of voltage gated sodium channels, an AP is initiated
  8. neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft is degraded and/or removed to terminate the signal
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6
Q
  • what is a common example of a chemical synapse?
  • what neurotransmitter is involved here?
A
  • neuromuscular junction (is between neurons and skeletal muscle)
  • acetylcholine (ACh) is released
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7
Q

what are 4 other common neurotransmitters (besides ACh)?

A
  1. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  2. serotonin
  3. dopamine
  4. norepinephrine
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8
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter
- ex?

A

a neurotransmitter that opens a channel that depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
- acetylcholine

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9
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

a neurotransmitter that induces hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

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10
Q

synaptic transmission

A

when an action potential reaches the end of an axon at a synapse, the signal is transformed into a chemical signal with the release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

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11
Q

describe a neuron’s structure

A

CHECK FOLDER

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12
Q

within a neuron,
what do dendrites do?

A

collect incoming signals

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13
Q

within a neuron,
the cell body/soma contains ____

A

organelles

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14
Q

within a neuron,
the axon hillock is where ____

A

summation occurs

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15
Q

summation

A

decides whether an action potential is fired or not

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16
Q

within a neuron,
a myelin sheath is made of?

A

schwann cells in the PNS and olgiodendrocytes in the CNS

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17
Q

saltatory conduction

A

when the myelin sheath speeds up the movement of action potentials by forcing the action potential to jump from node to node

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18
Q

in the sodium potassium ATPase pump,
- what ions are transported?
- active/ voltage-gated regulation?
- active/passive transport?
- function?

A
  • 3 Na+ ions out, 2 K+ ions in
  • no regulation, always active
  • primary active transport
  • maintains resting membrane potential
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19
Q

in potassium leak channels,
- what ions are transported?
- active/ voltage-gated regulation?
- active/passive transport?
- function?

A
  • K+ ions out
    -no regulation, always active
  • passive transport
  • maintains resting membrane potential
20
Q

in voltage gated sodium channels,
- what ions are transported?
- active/ voltage-gated regulation?
- active/passive transport?
- function?

A
  • Na+ ions in
  • voltage gated
  • passive transport
  • depolarization
21
Q

in voltage gated potassium channels,
- what ions are transported?
- active/ voltage-gated regulation?
- active/passive transport?
- function?

A
  • K+ ions out
  • voltage gated
  • passive transport
  • repolarization
22
Q

in voltage gated calcium channel,
- what ions are transported?
- active/ voltage-gated regulation?
- active/passive transport?
- function?

A
  • Ca2+ ions in
  • voltage gated
  • passive transport
  • synaptic transmission
23
Q

describe an action potential

A

CHECK FOLDER

24
Q

describe the breakdown of the nervous system (categorized)

A

CHECK FOLDER

25
Q

within the autonomic nervous system,
describe the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems:
- general functions
- heart rate
- pupils
- vision
- digestive glands
- gastric motility
- digestive sphincters
- bladder
- urethral sphincter
- bronchial smooth muscle

A
  • S: flight, fright, fight, fuck, mobilize energy; P: rest and digest, store energy
  • S: increased; P: decreased
  • S: far; P: near
  • S: inhibit, P: stimulate
  • S: inhibit; P: stimulate
  • S: contract, P: relax
  • S: relax (inhibit urination); P: contract (cause urination)
  • S: contract; P: relax
  • S: relaxed, open airways; P: constricted, closed airways
26
Q
  • where is the adrenal gland located?
  • how many do we have?
  • what do these glands release?
  • medulla
  • cortex
  • adrenal medulla
A
  • above the kidney
  • 2, one above each kidney
  • epinephrine AKA adrenaline upon activation of the sympathetic system
  • the inner portion of the adrenal gland
  • the outer portion of the adrenal gland
  • part of the sympathetic nervous system
27
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

28
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

includes all other (besides the ones in the brain and spinal cord) axons, dendrites, and cell bodies

29
Q

nuclei

A

bunched together neuronal cell bodies within the CNS

30
Q

ganglia

A

bunched up somas located outside the CNS

31
Q

what are the 3 subdivisions of the brain?

A
  1. hindbrain
  2. midbrain
  3. forebrain
32
Q

the entire CNS floats in ____

A

cerebrospinal fluid

33
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord?

A

simple reflexes

34
Q

what is the function of the pons?

A

relay station and balance

35
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

movement, coordination

36
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

homeostasis and behavior

37
Q

what is the function of the limbic system?

A

emotion, memory, and learning

38
Q

what is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

perception, skeletal muscle movement, integration center

39
Q

what is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

connection of the left and right cerebral hemispheres

40
Q

what are the 5 types of sensory receptors?

A
  1. mechanoreceptors
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. nociceptors
  4. thermoreceptors
  5. electromagnetic receptors
41
Q
  • mechanoreceptors
  • 2 examples?
A
  • sensory receptors that respond to mechanical disturbances
    1. pacinian corpuscles: pressure sensors located deep in the skin
      1. auditory hair cell: cell found in the cochlea of the inner ear, detects vibrations cause by soundwaves
42
Q
  • chemoreceptors
  • 2 examples?
A
  • respond to particular chemicals
    1. olfactory receptors: detect airborne chemicals, allow us to smell things
      1. gustatory receptors: taste buds
43
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors, stimulated by tissue injury

44
Q

thermoreceptors

A

stimulated by changes in temp

45
Q
  • electromagnetic receptors
  • ex?
A
  • stimulated by electromagnetic waves
  • photoreceptors: rod and cone cells in the retina of the eye

Bio (22 decks)

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