C4: Plants/Animals Flashcards
angiosperms
A vascular, seeded plant that also has flowers
coelomate
When an animal develops a body cavity within the mesoderm. This allows for more specialized organs and structures
ectothermic
- what kind of animals are ectothermic?
A cold blooded creature that does not produce enough metabolic heat to control body temperature. They rely on external or environmental heat sources
- fish, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates
gametophyte
One form of an organism that performs alternation of generations. A multicellular, haploid organism that develops from a haploid spore, and produces haploid gametes (male, female or both) via mitosis. This is the dominant form of non-vascular plants
gymnosperms
A vascular, seeded plant that does not have flowers. Most are cone-bearing
homeothermic
Warm blooded organisms with a constant body temperature
ingestive feeders
An organisms that ingests food, then digests it inside their body or cell
metanephridia
- what kind of organisms have this?
Excretory tubules that have ciliated funnels and remove waste from the blood and fluid. These tubules lead to exterior pores where wastes are discharged. Also known as nephridia
- mollusks, annelida, arthropods
metazoa
A subkingdom of animals that have tissues
mutualism
A symbiotic relationship where both species benefit
- hemolymph
- hemocyanin
- hemocytes
- interstitial fluid that bathes organs and tissues, there is no difference between hemolymph and blood
- primary oxygen transporter molecule in hemolymph
- free floating cells that function in immune protection
open circulation
- what kind of organisms have this type of circulation?
Where there is no difference between blood and interstitial fluid. Hemolymph bathes tissues, and is composed of water, inorganic salts and organic compounds. Hemocyanin is the primary oxygen transport molecule. Free-floating hemocytes perform immune protection
- mollusks, arthropods
parazoa
A subkingdom of animals with no tissues, no symmetry, no body cavity, and no segmentation
phloem
One of the vascular systems in plants, used to transport nutrients (such as sucrose) from source to sink. It is composed of sieve and companion cells
how do sieve cells and companion cells interact?
companion cells are attached to sieve cells by plasmodesmata; sieve cells transport nutrients while companion cells support them
root cap
the end of each root
apical meristem
where cell division occurs in plants to keep the root cap forward
nodes
where leaves attach to stems
cuticle
waxy substance that covers the layers of cells in a plant to prevent water loss
stomata
holes or pores in leaves that allow exchange with air
psuedocoelomate
- what kind of organisms are psuedocoelomate?
Animals that have a body cavity that develops between the endoderm and mesoderm
- nematoda
radial symmetry
- what kind of organisms have this kind of symmetry?
When an organism resembles a pie, where several cutting planes produce roughly identical pieces. Such an organism exhibits no left or right sides, but have a top and a
bottom (dorsal and ventral surface)
- cnidaria
water vascular system
- what kind of organisms have this kind of system?
A hydraulic or fluid system used for locomotion, food and waste transportation and respiration. Canals connect numerous tube feet. The system moves by alternately contracting muscles that force water into the tube feet, causing them to extend and push against the ground, then relaxing to allow the feet to retract. This allows movement that is powerful, but very slow
- echinoderms
xylem
One of the vascular systems in plants, used to transport water from roots to leaves. It is composed of parenchyma cells, tracheids and vessel elements
acoelomates
- what kind of animals are acoelomates?
Organisms with a solid body, and no body cavity
- cnidaria and platyhelminthes
autotroph
- what kind of organisms are autotrophs?
Organisms that use carbon dioxide as their sole source of carbon, and inorganic sources of nitrogen (nitrates, ammonium salts) and other elements as their only starting materials for biosynthesis
- plants and other photosynthetic organisms
cutaneous respiration
- what kind of organisms use this kind of respiration?
A gas exchange via diffusion across the skin
- platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida
exoskeleton
- what kind of animal has an exoskeleton?
A skeleton the functions in support and movement and is located near the exterior of an animal. For example, arthropods have a hard exoskeleton made of chitin
- arthropoda
incomplete digestive system
- what kind of animal has this type of digestive system?
A single opening functions as both an anus and a mouth
- cnidarians, platyhelminthes
malpighian tubules
- what kind of organism has this?
An excretory and osmoregulatory system consisting of tubules extending from the alimentary canal. The tubules absorb solutes, water and waste from hemolymph, and wastes are released as solids
- arthropods
what does the root word phyta mean?
plant or plant like protist
plants are:
- eukaryotic/prokaryotic
- have membrane bound organelles?
- uni/multicellular
- cell wall made of ____?
- heterotrophs/autotrophs
- perform alteration of generations?
- eukaryotic
- yes
- multicellular
- cellulose
- autotrophs
- yes
what is alteration of generations?
if one generation is diploid, the next is haploid, the next is diploid…. etc.
each plant can be 1 of 2 things….
gametophyte dominant (haploid) or sporophyte dominant (diploid)
what is the main feature of nonvascular plants?
they lack xylem and phloem
in regard to bryophytes,
- they are AKA?
- have roots, shoots, leaves?
- have seeds, flowers?
- gametophyte/sporophyte dominant
- live in what conditions and why?
- what are the 3 types you should know and 1 example of each?
- nonvascular plants
- no
- no
- gametophyte dominant (haploid)
- damp/humid to use motile sperm in fertilization?
- bryophyta (ex: moss), 2. hepatophyta (ex: liverwort), 3. anthocerophyta (ex: hornwort)
what is important to note about mosses (bryophyta) roots?
they do not have formal roots but have multicellular root-like filaments called rhizoids which help with anchoring and absorption
what is important to note about liverworts (hepatophyta) reproduction?
they use gemmae to reproduce asexually via fragmentation but can also reproduce sexually
when comparing xylem and phloem, answer the following:
- what do they transport?
- what direction does transportation occur?
- what cell types do they contain?
- what mechanisms do they do?
- X: water; P: nutrients
- X: one way, roots to rest of plant; P: source to sink, from the leaves down to the rest of the plant
- REMEMER: xylem to skylem, phloem to lowem *
- X: parenchyma cells, tracheids, vessel elements; P: companion cells, sieve cells
- X: transpiration, root pressure/ push force; P: bulk flow/ translocation
guttation
the process of water being forced out of the plant due to unusually high root pressure
in regard to tracheophytes,
- they are AKA?
- have roots, shoots, leaves?
- have xylem, phloem?
- gametophyte/sporophyte dominant
- vascular plants
- yes
- yes
- sporophyte dominant (diploid)
in regard to seedless tracheophytes,
- have seeds, cones, flowers?
- live in what conditions and why?
- what are the 4 types you should know and 1 example of each?
- no
- damp/humid to use motile sperm in fertilization
- pterophyta (ex: fern), 2. psilophyta (ex: whisk fern), 3. lycophyta (ex: lycopods), 4. sphenophyta (ex: horsetails)
in regard to gymnosperms,
- have seeds, cones, flowers?
- what are the 4 types you should know and 1 example of each?
- seeds and cones, no flowers
- pinophyta (ex: conifers), 2. cycadophyta (ex: cycads), 3. ginkophyta (ex: gingko), 4. gnetophyta (dont need to know ex)
in regard to angiosperms,
- have seeds, cones, flowers?
- what protects seeds?
- divided into what 2 groups?
- seeds and flowers, no cones
- fruit and nuts
- monocots and dicots
describe the parts of a flower and how a flowering plant reproduces
CHECK FOLDER
- what is a cotyledon?
- describe the structural differences between a monocot and a dicot
- an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants; the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed
- CHECK FOLDER
when comparing monocots to dicots, what are the differences between their:
- embryos
- leaf venation
- stems
- roots
- flowers
- M: 1 cotyledon, D: 2 cotyledons
- M: veins parallel, D: veins netlike
- M: complexly arranged, D: arranged netlike
- M: fibrous system, D: taproot
- M: present in multiples of 3, D: present in multiples of 4 or 5
what is an example of a monocot and dicot?
- corn
- beans
in regard to animals,
- chemoheterotrophs/ heterotrophs
- what kind of feeders?
- heterotrophs
- ingestive feeders
the phylum ctenophora are AKA
comb jellies
the phylum nemertea are AKA
proboscis worms
the phylum phorondia are AKA
horseshoe worms
the phylum onychophora are AKA
walking worms
the phylum rotifera are AKA
wheel animals
the phylum bryozoa are AKA
moss animals
the phylum brachiopoda are AKA
lamp shells
hermaphroditic
possess both male and female reproductive parts
for the phylum porifera,
- what is 1 example?
- describe their structure
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe how they reproduce
- sponges
- blobs, not mobile, cant reform if theyre chopped up
- filter/ suspension feeders (just sits there and waits for nutrients to go by to soak it up)
- sexually, most are hermaphrodites or asexually via budding
for the phylum cnidarians,
- what are 4 examples and 1 example of each?
- describe their structure
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe how they reproduce
- jellyfish (ex: medusa), 2. sea anemones (ex: polyp), 3. hydra (ex: polyp & medusa), 4. coral (polyp)
- 2 structures: 1. polyp: non motile, 2. medusa (floats)
- incomplete digestive tract or carnivores (use nematocysts)
- polyp (asexual budding) or medusa (sexual)
what are the differences between polyp and medusa for the following:
- mobility
- reproduction
- specific examples
- P: sessile, M: floating
- P: asexual budding, M: sexual reproduction
- P: coral and sea anemone, M: jellyfish
what is a nematocyst?
a structure that cnidarians use on their tentacles to capture prey and push foods into their mouths
for the phylum platyhelminthes,
- what are 2 examples?
- describe their structure
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce
- planarian, tapeworm
- flattened bodies, cephalization (have a head), some can regenerate, many are parasites
- cutaneous respiration
- incomplete digestive tract
- diffusion across outer cells, some use flame cells (waste processing cells)
- sexually, many are hermaphrodites or asexually via fragmentation
for the phylum nematoda,
- what are 2 examples?
- describe their structure
- describe their circulatory system
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce
- c. elegans, trichinella
- round body, many are parasites
- none, nutrients transported via diffusion
- cutaneous respiration
- complete digestive tract: separate mouth and anus
- flame cells
- sexually
for the phylum annelida,
- what are 2 examples?
- describe their structure
- describe their circulatory system
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce
- earthworm, leech\
- segmented bodies (repeating units), have a brain, nerve cords, eyes, etc. and some can regenerate
- closed circulatory system (blood vessels contain blood) w multiple hearts
- complete digestive tract w specialized regions (pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine)
- metanephridia
- sexually and asexually via fragmentation (chop them up and they can reform another worm)
for the phylum molluska,
- what are 2 types and 2 examples of each?
- describe their structure
- describe their circulatory system
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce
- what 2 examples of mollusks are different from other mollusks and in what ways?
- gastropods: snail, slug; bivalves: clam, oyster (bivalves have 2 part shells and are filter feeders)
- soft bodies, hard shells made of CaCO3, 3 body regions: 1. muscular foot (for movement), 2. visceral mass (contains organs), 3. mantle (secretes a shell)
- open circulatory system, 3 chambered heart
- gills or lungs
- complete digestive tract
- metanephridia
- sexually, some are hermaphrodites
- octopus and squid; have a reduced shell, are carnivores, move faster, closed circulatory system
for the phylum arthopoda,
- what are 3 examples?
- describe their structure
- describe their circulatory system
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce
- arachnids (spiders, scorpions), centipedes, millipedes
- jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton, perform molting (shed and make new exoskeleton), have a brain, have sensory organs
- open circulatory system
- tracheoles, book lungs or gills
- complete digestive system, crop stores food for digestion
- have malphigian tubules, have metanephridia
- sexually
- ____ (hint: crawl) are also arthropods
- what is different about these in comparison to other arthropods?
- what are 6 examples of them?
- insects
- have 3 pairs of legs, undergo metamorphosis
- wasp, earwig, beetle, ant, fly, moth
- ____ (hint: underwater) are also arthropods
- what are 2 examples of these?
- crustaceans
- lobster, crab
for the phylum echinoderms,
- what are 3 examples?
- describe their structure
- describe their circulatory system
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce
- star fish, sea urchin, sea cucumber
- spiny CaCO3 endoskeleton, slow moving or sessile, have water vascular system
- closed circulatory system
- skin gills
- complete digestive system, use tube feet for feeding
- skin gills and podocytes
- sexual or asexual
for the phylum chordata,
- what are 4 important characteristics to know? describe each
- neural tube: AKA dorsal hollow nerve cord, embryonic precursor to CNS, becomes brain and spinal cord in vertebrates
- notochord: embryonic precursor to spine, replaced by vertebral column in vertebrates
- pharyngeal slits: openings through which water is taken into pharynx/throat, used in primitive chordates to filter out food, modified in fish for respiration, only present in most terrestrial vertebrates during embryonic stage
- post anal tail: at some time during development
- neural tube: AKA dorsal hollow nerve cord, embryonic precursor to CNS, becomes brain and spinal cord in vertebrates
- what are the 3 subphyla of chordates
- which of these examples are invertebrates?
- tunicates (ex: sea squirts)
- lancelets
- vertebrates
- tunicates (ex: sea squirts)
- 1 and 2
what are 9 characteristics of vertebrae?
- which of these characteristics help differentiate vertebrates from other chordates?
- notochord replaced by vertebral column
- head: well formed cranium to protect brain
- neural crest cells: unique embryonic cells
- specialized internal organs: liver, kidneys, endocrine glands
- physiology to support increased energy demands
- endoskeleton: bone or cartilage support
- closed circulatory system
- complete digestive tract
9.many are tetrapods (4 limbs)
- the first 6
in regard to thermoregulation, ectothermic animals are:
- cold/warm blooded
- get their source of heat from?
- body temp. varies/constant
- what are the answers to these questions for endothermic animals?
- cold
- enviornment
- varies: poikilothermic
- warm; metabolism; constant: homeothermic
for the class of fish agnatha,
- what are they AKA?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- what are 2 examples of them?
- jawless fish
- no jaw, flexible cartilage skeleton
- ectothermic (cold blooded)
- 2
- lamprey, hagfish
for the class of fish chondrichthyes,
- what are they AKA?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- what are 2 examples of them?
- cartilaginous fish
- well developed jaws, paired fins, flexible cartilage skeleton
- ectothermic
- 2
- shark, sting ray
for the class of fish osteichthyes,
- what are they AKA?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- what are 3 examples of them?
- bony fish
- bone skeleton, swim bladders help control buoyancy
- ectothermic
- 2
- bass, tuna, trout
for the class of vertebrae amphibia,
- what is their habitat?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- how do they breathe?
- what are 3 examples of them?
- aquatic as larvae, terrestrial as adults
- bone skeleton
- ectothermic
- 3
- lungs or cutaneous
- frog, toad, salamander
for the class of vertebrae reptilia,
- what is their habitat?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- how do they breathe?
- what are 4 examples of them?
- mostly terrestrial
- bone skeleton, thick scaly skin prevents water loss
- ectothermic
- 3
- lungs, some cutaneous
- lizard, turtle, crocodile, snake
for the class of vertebrae aves,
- what are they AKA?
- what is their habitat?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- how do they breathe?
- what are 3 examples of them?
- birds
- mostly terrestrial
- honeycomb bone skeleton (allows flight), feathered wings, gizzard (digestive organ)
- endothermic
- 4
- lungs
- owl, eagle, penguin
for the class of vertebrae mammalia,
- what is their habitat?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- how do they breathe?
- what are 8 examples of them?
- mostly terrestrial
- hair, largest brains, feed young via mammary glands and milk
- endothermic
- 4
- lungs
- rodent, whale, kangaroo, antelope, monkey, dog, cat, human
describe chordate evolution
CHECK FOLDER
describe animal evolution
CHECK FOLDER
within origin of life,
what is a reducing environment?
it was thought that electron donors were prevalent within an enviornment
within origin of life,
what is abiotic synthesis?
when no enzymes were present within an environment and it was thought that metal ions on the surface of rocks and clay acted as catalysts
within origin of life,
what is a proteinoid
polypeptides, made by spontaneous polymerization of amino acids
within origin of life,
what is a microsphere
droplets of a proteinoids, spontaneously form in water
within origin of life,
what is a liposome
lipid layer surrounding microspheres
within origin of life,
what is a coacervate
liposome + carbohydrates + nucleic acids
within origin of life,
protobiont
aggregation of organic molecules, surrounded by a membrane, abiotically coalesce into particles that resemble living matter, precursors of prokaryotic cells
what is directional selection
natural selection removes one extreme, population average moves in other direction
what is divergent selection
natural selection removes the average, population splits in 2, can lead to speciation
what is stabilizing selection
both extremes selected against, driving the population closer to the average (individuals in the middle benefit)
in regard to population,
- what are density dependent factors?
- density independent factors?
- factors that increase in intensity as the population grows (ex: food availability)
- factors that are not related to population size (ex:climate)
what is sexual selection
animals pick a mate based on elaborate rituals and physical displays
what is kin selection
natural selection can work on groups of related organisms, some social insects (such as honey bees) are sterile
what is artificial selection
humans intervene in mating, controlled mating, try to achieve desired traits
describe commensalism
one organisms benefits, the other is unaffected
describe parasitism
one organism benefits, the other is negatively affected
what are the 8 terrestrial biomes and what are their temperatures/precipitations like?
CHECK FOLDER
what are the 6 aquatic biomes and how are they classified?
CHECK FOLDER
- what is primary succession
- what are pioneer organisms?
- what is a climax community?
- secondary succession?
- starts in a lifeless area
- the first organisms to populate an area with primary succession
- the final stage of primary succession
- occurs in area that had previously supported life, after a natural disaster such as a fire or flood, soil is present
innate behavior
AKA instinctive patterns, present at birth or are preprogrammed to occur, they do not have to be taught or learned
- what is simple non-associative learning
- is it a learned or innate behavior
- change in response to a stimuli without associating it with positive or negative reinforcement
- learned
- what is habituation
- is it a learned or innate behavior
- progression decrease in response to a repeated stimulus
- learned
- what is sensitization
- is it a learned or innate behavior
- progressive increase in response to a repeated stimulus
- learned
- what is associative learning
- is it a learned or innate behavior
- response is taught through association with positive or negative reinforcement
- learned
- what is classical conditioning
- is it a learned or innate behavior
- pavlovian conditioning, involuntary reaction linked to a stimulus
- learned
- what is operant conditioning
- is it a learned or innate behavior
- voluntary reaction in response to a stimulus, in anticipation of a reward or punishment
- learned
- what is an instinctive pattern- - is it a learned or innate behavior
- do not need to be learned
- innate
- what is kinesis
- is it a learned or innate behavior
- nondirectional response to a stimulus
- innate
- what is taxis
- what are the 3 types
- is it a learned or innate behavior
- directional response to a stimulus
- chemotaxis: response to chemicals, geotaxis: response to gravity, thermotaxis: response to temperature changes
- innate
- what is a fixed action pattern
- is it a learned or innate behavior
- behavioral sequencing that run to completion once started, produced in response to an external sensory stimulus
- innate
- what is imprinting
- is it a learned or innate behavior
- a combination of instinctive and learned behavior, phase sensitive learning, independent of the consequences of behavior
for humans,
- what is our domain?
- describe its characteristics
- eukarya
- presence of membrane bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria)
for humans,
- what is our kingdom?
- describe its characteristics
- animalia
- multicellular, diploid, eukaryotic organisms; chemoheterotrophs that perform ingestive digestion
for humans,
- what is our phylum?
- describe its characteristics
- chordata
- notocord, neural tube, pharyngeal gill slits and a post anal tail at some time in embyronic development
for humans,
- what is our subphylum?
- describe its characteristics
- vertebrata
- bilateral symmetry, cephalization, endoskeleton w vertebral column, 4 limbs, closed circulatory system, respiratory system, excretory system w kidneys
for humans,
- what is our class?
- describe its characteristics
- mammalia
- hair, 4 chambered heart, diaphragm for respiration, mammary glands that produce milk, internal fertilization
for humans,
- what is our order?
- describe its characteristics
- primates
- well developed cerebral cortex, opposable thumbs, omnivorous, forward facing eyes
for humans,
- what is our family?
- describe its characteristics
- hominidae
- erect posture, intelligence, long period of parental care, cooperation
for humans,
- what is our genus?
- describe its characteristics
- homo
- includes modern humans and species closely related to them, this genus is approx. 2.4 million years old and differentiated from ancestors by increase in cranial capacity
for humans,
- what is our species?
- describe its characteristics
- sapiens
- originated from africa approx. 200,000 years ago, highly developed brain
why dont viruses have a taxonomic group?
they are nonliving and require a host in order to replicate
what are the 2 main components of a virus?
- a protein capsid shell
- a genome made of DNA or RNA
bacteriophage
a virus that infects bacteria
ecology
the study of organisms and their interactions with their environments
organisms lose/ gain heat from the environment via which 4 different mechanisms?
- radiation: the transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler one by infrared radiation
- conduction: heat can be transferred between 2 objects in direct contact
- convection: heat can be transferred through movement of air or liquid
- evaporation: vaporization of water from a surface leads to loss of heat
animals can use 5 certain adaptations to stay warm/cool in certain environments which are…
- behavioral strategies: seeking shade, huddling, etc.
- thermogenesis: creation of heat (shivering, etc.)
- circulatory mechanisms: controlling blood flow to the skin
- insulation: minimizing heat loss (fat, fur, feathers)
- evaporative mechanisms: losing water through skin (sweating)
