Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio > C4: Plants/Animals > Flashcards

C4: Plants/Animals Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

angiosperms

A

A vascular, seeded plant that also has flowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

coelomate

A

When an animal develops a body cavity within the mesoderm. This allows for more specialized organs and structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ectothermic
- what kind of animals are ectothermic?

A

A cold blooded creature that does not produce enough metabolic heat to control body temperature. They rely on external or environmental heat sources
- fish, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

gametophyte

A

One form of an organism that performs alternation of generations. A multicellular, haploid organism that develops from a haploid spore, and produces haploid gametes (male, female or both) via mitosis. This is the dominant form of non-vascular plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

gymnosperms

A

A vascular, seeded plant that does not have flowers. Most are cone-bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

homeothermic

A

Warm blooded organisms with a constant body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ingestive feeders

A

An organisms that ingests food, then digests it inside their body or cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

metanephridia
- what kind of organisms have this?

A

Excretory tubules that have ciliated funnels and remove waste from the blood and fluid. These tubules lead to exterior pores where wastes are discharged. Also known as nephridia
- mollusks, annelida, arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

metazoa

A

A subkingdom of animals that have tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mutualism

A

A symbiotic relationship where both species benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • hemolymph
  • hemocyanin
  • hemocytes
A
  • interstitial fluid that bathes organs and tissues, there is no difference between hemolymph and blood
  • primary oxygen transporter molecule in hemolymph
  • free floating cells that function in immune protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

open circulation
- what kind of organisms have this type of circulation?

A

Where there is no difference between blood and interstitial fluid. Hemolymph bathes tissues, and is composed of water, inorganic salts and organic compounds. Hemocyanin is the primary oxygen transport molecule. Free-floating hemocytes perform immune protection
- mollusks, arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

parazoa

A

A subkingdom of animals with no tissues, no symmetry, no body cavity, and no segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

phloem

A

One of the vascular systems in plants, used to transport nutrients (such as sucrose) from source to sink. It is composed of sieve and companion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do sieve cells and companion cells interact?

A

companion cells are attached to sieve cells by plasmodesmata; sieve cells transport nutrients while companion cells support them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

root cap

A

the end of each root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

apical meristem

A

where cell division occurs in plants to keep the root cap forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

nodes

A

where leaves attach to stems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cuticle

A

waxy substance that covers the layers of cells in a plant to prevent water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stomata

A

holes or pores in leaves that allow exchange with air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

psuedocoelomate
- what kind of organisms are psuedocoelomate?

A

Animals that have a body cavity that develops between the endoderm and mesoderm
- nematoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

radial symmetry
- what kind of organisms have this kind of symmetry?

A

When an organism resembles a pie, where several cutting planes produce roughly identical pieces. Such an organism exhibits no left or right sides, but have a top and a
bottom (dorsal and ventral surface)
- cnidaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

water vascular system
- what kind of organisms have this kind of system?

A

A hydraulic or fluid system used for locomotion, food and waste transportation and respiration. Canals connect numerous tube feet. The system moves by alternately contracting muscles that force water into the tube feet, causing them to extend and push against the ground, then relaxing to allow the feet to retract. This allows movement that is powerful, but very slow
- echinoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

xylem

A

One of the vascular systems in plants, used to transport water from roots to leaves. It is composed of parenchyma cells, tracheids and vessel elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

acoelomates
- what kind of animals are acoelomates?

A

Organisms with a solid body, and no body cavity
- cnidaria and platyhelminthes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

autotroph
- what kind of organisms are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that use carbon dioxide as their sole source of carbon, and inorganic sources of nitrogen (nitrates, ammonium salts) and other elements as their only starting materials for biosynthesis
- plants and other photosynthetic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cutaneous respiration
- what kind of organisms use this kind of respiration?

A

A gas exchange via diffusion across the skin
- platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

exoskeleton
- what kind of animal has an exoskeleton?

A

A skeleton the functions in support and movement and is located near the exterior of an animal. For example, arthropods have a hard exoskeleton made of chitin
- arthropoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

incomplete digestive system
- what kind of animal has this type of digestive system?

A

A single opening functions as both an anus and a mouth
- cnidarians, platyhelminthes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

malpighian tubules
- what kind of organism has this?

A

An excretory and osmoregulatory system consisting of tubules extending from the alimentary canal. The tubules absorb solutes, water and waste from hemolymph, and wastes are released as solids
- arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does the root word phyta mean?

A

plant or plant like protist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

plants are:
- eukaryotic/prokaryotic
- have membrane bound organelles?
- uni/multicellular
- cell wall made of ____?
- heterotrophs/autotrophs
- perform alteration of generations?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • yes
  • multicellular
  • cellulose
  • autotrophs
  • yes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is alteration of generations?

A

if one generation is diploid, the next is haploid, the next is diploid…. etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

each plant can be 1 of 2 things….

A

gametophyte dominant (haploid) or sporophyte dominant (diploid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the main feature of nonvascular plants?

A

they lack xylem and phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

in regard to bryophytes,
- they are AKA?
- have roots, shoots, leaves?
- have seeds, flowers?
- gametophyte/sporophyte dominant
- live in what conditions and why?
- what are the 3 types you should know and 1 example of each?

A
  • nonvascular plants
  • no
  • no
  • gametophyte dominant (haploid)
  • damp/humid to use motile sperm in fertilization?
    1. bryophyta (ex: moss), 2. hepatophyta (ex: liverwort), 3. anthocerophyta (ex: hornwort)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is important to note about mosses (bryophyta) roots?

A

they do not have formal roots but have multicellular root-like filaments called rhizoids which help with anchoring and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is important to note about liverworts (hepatophyta) reproduction?

A

they use gemmae to reproduce asexually via fragmentation but can also reproduce sexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

when comparing xylem and phloem, answer the following:
- what do they transport?
- what direction does transportation occur?
- what cell types do they contain?
- what mechanisms do they do?

A
  • X: water; P: nutrients
  • X: one way, roots to rest of plant; P: source to sink, from the leaves down to the rest of the plant
  • REMEMER: xylem to skylem, phloem to lowem *
  • X: parenchyma cells, tracheids, vessel elements; P: companion cells, sieve cells
  • X: transpiration, root pressure/ push force; P: bulk flow/ translocation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

guttation

A

the process of water being forced out of the plant due to unusually high root pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

in regard to tracheophytes,
- they are AKA?
- have roots, shoots, leaves?
- have xylem, phloem?
- gametophyte/sporophyte dominant

A
  • vascular plants
  • yes
  • yes
  • sporophyte dominant (diploid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

in regard to seedless tracheophytes,
- have seeds, cones, flowers?
- live in what conditions and why?
- what are the 4 types you should know and 1 example of each?

A
  • no
  • damp/humid to use motile sperm in fertilization
    1. pterophyta (ex: fern), 2. psilophyta (ex: whisk fern), 3. lycophyta (ex: lycopods), 4. sphenophyta (ex: horsetails)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

in regard to gymnosperms,
- have seeds, cones, flowers?
- what are the 4 types you should know and 1 example of each?

A
  • seeds and cones, no flowers
    1. pinophyta (ex: conifers), 2. cycadophyta (ex: cycads), 3. ginkophyta (ex: gingko), 4. gnetophyta (dont need to know ex)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

in regard to angiosperms,
- have seeds, cones, flowers?
- what protects seeds?
- divided into what 2 groups?

A
  • seeds and flowers, no cones
  • fruit and nuts
  • monocots and dicots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

describe the parts of a flower and how a flowering plant reproduces

A

CHECK FOLDER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q
  • what is a cotyledon?
  • describe the structural differences between a monocot and a dicot
A
  • an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants; the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed
  • CHECK FOLDER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

when comparing monocots to dicots, what are the differences between their:
- embryos
- leaf venation
- stems
- roots
- flowers

A
  • M: 1 cotyledon, D: 2 cotyledons
  • M: veins parallel, D: veins netlike
  • M: complexly arranged, D: arranged netlike
  • M: fibrous system, D: taproot
  • M: present in multiples of 3, D: present in multiples of 4 or 5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is an example of a monocot and dicot?

A
  • corn
  • beans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

in regard to animals,
- chemoheterotrophs/ heterotrophs
- what kind of feeders?

A
  • heterotrophs
  • ingestive feeders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the phylum ctenophora are AKA

A

comb jellies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the phylum nemertea are AKA

A

proboscis worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the phylum phorondia are AKA

A

horseshoe worms

53
Q

the phylum onychophora are AKA

A

walking worms

54
Q

the phylum rotifera are AKA

A

wheel animals

55
Q

the phylum bryozoa are AKA

A

moss animals

56
Q

the phylum brachiopoda are AKA

A

lamp shells

57
Q

hermaphroditic

A

possess both male and female reproductive parts

58
Q

for the phylum porifera,
- what is 1 example?
- describe their structure
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe how they reproduce

A
  • sponges
  • blobs, not mobile, cant reform if theyre chopped up
  • filter/ suspension feeders (just sits there and waits for nutrients to go by to soak it up)
  • sexually, most are hermaphrodites or asexually via budding
59
Q

for the phylum cnidarians,
- what are 4 examples and 1 example of each?
- describe their structure
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe how they reproduce

A
    1. jellyfish (ex: medusa), 2. sea anemones (ex: polyp), 3. hydra (ex: polyp & medusa), 4. coral (polyp)
  • 2 structures: 1. polyp: non motile, 2. medusa (floats)
  • incomplete digestive tract or carnivores (use nematocysts)
  • polyp (asexual budding) or medusa (sexual)
60
Q

what are the differences between polyp and medusa for the following:
- mobility
- reproduction
- specific examples

A
  • P: sessile, M: floating
  • P: asexual budding, M: sexual reproduction
  • P: coral and sea anemone, M: jellyfish
61
Q

what is a nematocyst?

A

a structure that cnidarians use on their tentacles to capture prey and push foods into their mouths

62
Q

for the phylum platyhelminthes,
- what are 2 examples?
- describe their structure
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce

A
  • planarian, tapeworm
  • flattened bodies, cephalization (have a head), some can regenerate, many are parasites
  • cutaneous respiration
  • incomplete digestive tract
  • diffusion across outer cells, some use flame cells (waste processing cells)
  • sexually, many are hermaphrodites or asexually via fragmentation
63
Q

for the phylum nematoda,
- what are 2 examples?
- describe their structure
- describe their circulatory system
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce

A
  • c. elegans, trichinella
  • round body, many are parasites
  • none, nutrients transported via diffusion
  • cutaneous respiration
  • complete digestive tract: separate mouth and anus
  • flame cells
  • sexually
64
Q

for the phylum annelida,
- what are 2 examples?
- describe their structure
- describe their circulatory system
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce

A
  • earthworm, leech\
  • segmented bodies (repeating units), have a brain, nerve cords, eyes, etc. and some can regenerate
  • closed circulatory system (blood vessels contain blood) w multiple hearts
  • complete digestive tract w specialized regions (pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine)
  • metanephridia
  • sexually and asexually via fragmentation (chop them up and they can reform another worm)
65
Q

for the phylum molluska,
- what are 2 types and 2 examples of each?
- describe their structure
- describe their circulatory system
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce
- what 2 examples of mollusks are different from other mollusks and in what ways?

A
  • gastropods: snail, slug; bivalves: clam, oyster (bivalves have 2 part shells and are filter feeders)
  • soft bodies, hard shells made of CaCO3, 3 body regions: 1. muscular foot (for movement), 2. visceral mass (contains organs), 3. mantle (secretes a shell)
  • open circulatory system, 3 chambered heart
  • gills or lungs
  • complete digestive tract
  • metanephridia
  • sexually, some are hermaphrodites
  • octopus and squid; have a reduced shell, are carnivores, move faster, closed circulatory system
66
Q

for the phylum arthopoda,
- what are 3 examples?
- describe their structure
- describe their circulatory system
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce

A
  • arachnids (spiders, scorpions), centipedes, millipedes
  • jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton, perform molting (shed and make new exoskeleton), have a brain, have sensory organs
  • open circulatory system
  • tracheoles, book lungs or gills
  • complete digestive system, crop stores food for digestion
  • have malphigian tubules, have metanephridia
  • sexually
67
Q
  • ____ (hint: crawl) are also arthropods
  • what is different about these in comparison to other arthropods?
  • what are 6 examples of them?
A
  • insects
  • have 3 pairs of legs, undergo metamorphosis
  • wasp, earwig, beetle, ant, fly, moth
68
Q
  • ____ (hint: underwater) are also arthropods
  • what are 2 examples of these?
A
  • crustaceans
  • lobster, crab
69
Q

for the phylum echinoderms,
- what are 3 examples?
- describe their structure
- describe their circulatory system
- describe their respiratory system
- describe their gastrointestinal system
- describe their excretory system
- describe how they reproduce

A
  • star fish, sea urchin, sea cucumber
  • spiny CaCO3 endoskeleton, slow moving or sessile, have water vascular system
  • closed circulatory system
  • skin gills
  • complete digestive system, use tube feet for feeding
  • skin gills and podocytes
  • sexual or asexual
70
Q

for the phylum chordata,
- what are 4 important characteristics to know? describe each

A
    1. neural tube: AKA dorsal hollow nerve cord, embryonic precursor to CNS, becomes brain and spinal cord in vertebrates
      1. notochord: embryonic precursor to spine, replaced by vertebral column in vertebrates
      2. pharyngeal slits: openings through which water is taken into pharynx/throat, used in primitive chordates to filter out food, modified in fish for respiration, only present in most terrestrial vertebrates during embryonic stage
      3. post anal tail: at some time during development
71
Q
  • what are the 3 subphyla of chordates
  • which of these examples are invertebrates?
A
    1. tunicates (ex: sea squirts)
      1. lancelets
      2. vertebrates
  • 1 and 2
72
Q

what are 9 characteristics of vertebrae?
- which of these characteristics help differentiate vertebrates from other chordates?

A
  1. notochord replaced by vertebral column
  2. head: well formed cranium to protect brain
  3. neural crest cells: unique embryonic cells
  4. specialized internal organs: liver, kidneys, endocrine glands
  5. physiology to support increased energy demands
  6. endoskeleton: bone or cartilage support
  7. closed circulatory system
  8. complete digestive tract
    9.many are tetrapods (4 limbs)
    - the first 6
73
Q

in regard to thermoregulation, ectothermic animals are:
- cold/warm blooded
- get their source of heat from?
- body temp. varies/constant
- what are the answers to these questions for endothermic animals?

A
  • cold
  • enviornment
  • varies: poikilothermic
  • warm; metabolism; constant: homeothermic
74
Q

for the class of fish agnatha,
- what are they AKA?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- what are 2 examples of them?

A
  • jawless fish
  • no jaw, flexible cartilage skeleton
  • ectothermic (cold blooded)
  • 2
  • lamprey, hagfish
75
Q

for the class of fish chondrichthyes,
- what are they AKA?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- what are 2 examples of them?

A
  • cartilaginous fish
  • well developed jaws, paired fins, flexible cartilage skeleton
  • ectothermic
  • 2
  • shark, sting ray
76
Q

for the class of fish osteichthyes,
- what are they AKA?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- what are 3 examples of them?

A
  • bony fish
  • bone skeleton, swim bladders help control buoyancy
  • ectothermic
  • 2
  • bass, tuna, trout
77
Q

for the class of vertebrae amphibia,
- what is their habitat?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- how do they breathe?
- what are 3 examples of them?

A
  • aquatic as larvae, terrestrial as adults
  • bone skeleton
  • ectothermic
  • 3
  • lungs or cutaneous
  • frog, toad, salamander
78
Q

for the class of vertebrae reptilia,
- what is their habitat?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- how do they breathe?
- what are 4 examples of them?

A
  • mostly terrestrial
  • bone skeleton, thick scaly skin prevents water loss
  • ectothermic
  • 3
  • lungs, some cutaneous
  • lizard, turtle, crocodile, snake
79
Q

for the class of vertebrae aves,
- what are they AKA?
- what is their habitat?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- how do they breathe?
- what are 3 examples of them?

A
  • birds
  • mostly terrestrial
  • honeycomb bone skeleton (allows flight), feathered wings, gizzard (digestive organ)
  • endothermic
  • 4
  • lungs
  • owl, eagle, penguin
80
Q

for the class of vertebrae mammalia,
- what is their habitat?
- describe their structure
- describe their body temp
- how many heart chambers do they have?
- how do they breathe?
- what are 8 examples of them?

A
  • mostly terrestrial
  • hair, largest brains, feed young via mammary glands and milk
  • endothermic
  • 4
  • lungs
  • rodent, whale, kangaroo, antelope, monkey, dog, cat, human
81
Q

describe chordate evolution

A

CHECK FOLDER

82
Q

describe animal evolution

A

CHECK FOLDER

83
Q

within origin of life,
what is a reducing environment?

A

it was thought that electron donors were prevalent within an enviornment

84
Q

within origin of life,
what is abiotic synthesis?

A

when no enzymes were present within an environment and it was thought that metal ions on the surface of rocks and clay acted as catalysts

85
Q

within origin of life,
what is a proteinoid

A

polypeptides, made by spontaneous polymerization of amino acids

86
Q

within origin of life,
what is a microsphere

A

droplets of a proteinoids, spontaneously form in water

87
Q

within origin of life,
what is a liposome

A

lipid layer surrounding microspheres

88
Q

within origin of life,
what is a coacervate

A

liposome + carbohydrates + nucleic acids

89
Q

within origin of life,
protobiont

A

aggregation of organic molecules, surrounded by a membrane, abiotically coalesce into particles that resemble living matter, precursors of prokaryotic cells

90
Q

what is directional selection

A

natural selection removes one extreme, population average moves in other direction

91
Q

what is divergent selection

A

natural selection removes the average, population splits in 2, can lead to speciation

92
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

both extremes selected against, driving the population closer to the average (individuals in the middle benefit)

93
Q

in regard to population,
- what are density dependent factors?
- density independent factors?

A
  • factors that increase in intensity as the population grows (ex: food availability)
  • factors that are not related to population size (ex:climate)
94
Q

what is sexual selection

A

animals pick a mate based on elaborate rituals and physical displays

95
Q

what is kin selection

A

natural selection can work on groups of related organisms, some social insects (such as honey bees) are sterile

96
Q

what is artificial selection

A

humans intervene in mating, controlled mating, try to achieve desired traits

97
Q

describe commensalism

A

one organisms benefits, the other is unaffected

98
Q

describe parasitism

A

one organism benefits, the other is negatively affected

99
Q

what are the 8 terrestrial biomes and what are their temperatures/precipitations like?

A

CHECK FOLDER

100
Q

what are the 6 aquatic biomes and how are they classified?

A

CHECK FOLDER

101
Q
  • what is primary succession
  • what are pioneer organisms?
  • what is a climax community?
  • secondary succession?
A
  • starts in a lifeless area
  • the first organisms to populate an area with primary succession
  • the final stage of primary succession
  • occurs in area that had previously supported life, after a natural disaster such as a fire or flood, soil is present
102
Q

innate behavior

A

AKA instinctive patterns, present at birth or are preprogrammed to occur, they do not have to be taught or learned

103
Q
  • what is simple non-associative learning
  • is it a learned or innate behavior
A
  • change in response to a stimuli without associating it with positive or negative reinforcement
  • learned
104
Q
  • what is habituation
  • is it a learned or innate behavior
A
  • progression decrease in response to a repeated stimulus
  • learned
105
Q
  • what is sensitization
  • is it a learned or innate behavior
A
  • progressive increase in response to a repeated stimulus
  • learned
106
Q
  • what is associative learning
  • is it a learned or innate behavior
A
  • response is taught through association with positive or negative reinforcement
  • learned
107
Q
  • what is classical conditioning
  • is it a learned or innate behavior
A
  • pavlovian conditioning, involuntary reaction linked to a stimulus
  • learned
108
Q
  • what is operant conditioning
  • is it a learned or innate behavior
A
  • voluntary reaction in response to a stimulus, in anticipation of a reward or punishment
  • learned
109
Q
  • what is an instinctive pattern- - is it a learned or innate behavior
A
  • do not need to be learned
  • innate
110
Q
  • what is kinesis
  • is it a learned or innate behavior
A
  • nondirectional response to a stimulus
  • innate
111
Q
  • what is taxis
  • what are the 3 types
  • is it a learned or innate behavior
A
  • directional response to a stimulus
  • chemotaxis: response to chemicals, geotaxis: response to gravity, thermotaxis: response to temperature changes
  • innate
112
Q
  • what is a fixed action pattern
  • is it a learned or innate behavior
A
  • behavioral sequencing that run to completion once started, produced in response to an external sensory stimulus
  • innate
113
Q
  • what is imprinting
  • is it a learned or innate behavior
A
  • a combination of instinctive and learned behavior, phase sensitive learning, independent of the consequences of behavior
114
Q

for humans,
- what is our domain?
- describe its characteristics

A
  • eukarya
  • presence of membrane bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria)
115
Q

for humans,
- what is our kingdom?
- describe its characteristics

A
  • animalia
  • multicellular, diploid, eukaryotic organisms; chemoheterotrophs that perform ingestive digestion
116
Q

for humans,
- what is our phylum?
- describe its characteristics

A
  • chordata
  • notocord, neural tube, pharyngeal gill slits and a post anal tail at some time in embyronic development
117
Q

for humans,
- what is our subphylum?
- describe its characteristics

A
  • vertebrata
  • bilateral symmetry, cephalization, endoskeleton w vertebral column, 4 limbs, closed circulatory system, respiratory system, excretory system w kidneys
118
Q

for humans,
- what is our class?
- describe its characteristics

A
  • mammalia
  • hair, 4 chambered heart, diaphragm for respiration, mammary glands that produce milk, internal fertilization
119
Q

for humans,
- what is our order?
- describe its characteristics

A
  • primates
  • well developed cerebral cortex, opposable thumbs, omnivorous, forward facing eyes
120
Q

for humans,
- what is our family?
- describe its characteristics

A
  • hominidae
  • erect posture, intelligence, long period of parental care, cooperation
121
Q

for humans,
- what is our genus?
- describe its characteristics

A
  • homo
  • includes modern humans and species closely related to them, this genus is approx. 2.4 million years old and differentiated from ancestors by increase in cranial capacity
122
Q

for humans,
- what is our species?
- describe its characteristics

A
  • sapiens
  • originated from africa approx. 200,000 years ago, highly developed brain
123
Q

why dont viruses have a taxonomic group?

A

they are nonliving and require a host in order to replicate

124
Q

what are the 2 main components of a virus?

A
  1. a protein capsid shell
  2. a genome made of DNA or RNA
125
Q

bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects bacteria

126
Q

ecology

A

the study of organisms and their interactions with their environments

127
Q

organisms lose/ gain heat from the environment via which 4 different mechanisms?

A
  1. radiation: the transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler one by infrared radiation
  2. conduction: heat can be transferred between 2 objects in direct contact
  3. convection: heat can be transferred through movement of air or liquid
  4. evaporation: vaporization of water from a surface leads to loss of heat
128
Q

animals can use 5 certain adaptations to stay warm/cool in certain environments which are…

A
  1. behavioral strategies: seeking shade, huddling, etc.
  2. thermogenesis: creation of heat (shivering, etc.)
  3. circulatory mechanisms: controlling blood flow to the skin
  4. insulation: minimizing heat loss (fat, fur, feathers)
  5. evaporative mechanisms: losing water through skin (sweating)

Bio (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions