C5: Circulatory System

Question 1

what are the 6 goals of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

1. distribute nutrients from the digestive tract, liver, and adipose (fat) tissue
2. transport oxygen from the lungs to the entire body and carbon dioxide from the tissued to the lungs
3. transport metabolic waste products from tissues to the excretory system (the kidneys)
4. transport hormones from endocrine glands to targets and provide feedback
5. maintain homeostasis of body temp
6. hemostasis (blood clotting), is necessary for the circulatory system itself

Question 2

perfusion

Answer 2

the flow of blood through a tissue

Question 3

ischemia

Answer 3

inadequate blood flow that results in tissue damage due to shortages of O2 and nutrients, and buildup of metabolic wastes

Question 4

hypoxia

Answer 4

when adequate circulation is present but the supply of oxygen is reduced

Question 5

describe heart anatomy

Answer 5

CHECK FOLDER

Question 6

veins have:
- high/low pressure
- blood moves by?
- walls are muscular/elastic
- takes blood away/towards heart
- what are the answers to these questions for arteries?

Answer 6

• low
• skeletal muscles
• muscular
• towards
• high; forward momentum; muscular and elastic; away

Question 7

describe the circulatory system anatomy

Answer 7

CHECK FOLDER

Question 8

pulmonary circulation

Answer 8

the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs

Question 9

systemic circulation

Answer 9

the flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back again

Question 10

what is the SA node?

Answer 10

pacemaker of the heart

Question 11

• cardiac cycle
• what 2 periods is the cardiac cycle split into?

Answer 11

• the heart contracts, relaxes in a cycle that only ends in death
• diastole and systole

Question 12

diastole

Answer 12

ventricles are relaxed, blood is able to flow into them from the atria. at the end, ventricles contract to initiate systole

Question 13

systole

Answer 13

period of time in which ventricles are contracting, beginning at “lub” sound and ending at “dub sound. at the end, ventricles are nearly empty and stop contracting

Question 14

heart rate/ pulse

Answer 14

the # of times the lub-dub cardiac cycle is repeated per minute

Question 15

• what is a normal heart rate per second?
• per minute

Answer 15

• 1 beat per second
• 45 bpm in athletes or 80 bpm in elderly or children

Question 16

stroke volume

Answer 16

the amount of blood pumped with each systole

Question 17

cardiac output

Answer 17

the total amount of blood pumped per minute

Question 18

functional syncytium

Answer 18

a tissue in cardiac muscle in which the cytoplasm of different cells can communicate via gap junctions

Question 19

intercalated disks

Answer 19

where gap junctions are found in cardiac muscle, connections between cardiac muscle cells

Question 20

describe the conduction system of the heart

Answer 20

CHECK FOLDER

Question 21

describe the cardiac muscle action potential graph

Answer 21

CHECK FOLDER

Question 22

how does oxygen partake in gas transport?

Answer 22

hemoglobin binds oxygen cooperatively in the lungs and is released to the tissues of the body

Question 23

plasma

Answer 23

a portion of blood that is composed of cells. also contains the following items dissolved in water: electrolytes, buffers, sugars, blood proteins, lipoproteins, CO2, O2, metabolic waste products

Question 24

what is the principal sugar in blood?

Answer 24

glucose

Question 25

albumin

Answer 25

blood protein that is essential for maintenance of oncotic pressure (osmotic pressure in capillaries)

Question 26

fibrinogen

Answer 26

essential for blood clotting

Question 27

what is the principal metabolic waste product of blood?

Answer 27

urea

Question 28

bilirubin

Answer 28

a breakdown product of heme (the oxygen binding part of hemoglobin)

Question 29

• how does carbon dioxide partake in gas transport?
• what is the equilibrium rxn and
• what does it essentially say?

Answer 29

• 7% dissolves in plasma, 20% binds hemoglobin, 73% is part of an equilibrium rxn
• CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (carbonic acid) = H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate)
• basically turns a hydrophobic gas into hydrophilic rxns

Question 30

vagus nerve

Answer 30

causes the release of ACh onto the SA node

Question 31

• systemic arterial pressure
• what is systolic/ diastolic pressure?

Answer 31

• the force per unit area exerted by blood upon the walls of arteries (what shows up when your blood pressure is measured)
• if blood pressure is 120/80, systolic is 180 (the highest pressure that ever occurs), 80 is diastolic (the lowest pressure gets)

Question 32

• erythrocyte
• how is it able to carry oxygen?

Answer 32

• AKA red blood cell, a cell that has no nucleus or other organelles. purpose is to transport O2 to tissues from the lungs and CO2 from the tissues to the lungs
• it contains millions of molecules of hemoglobin

Question 33

blood typing

Answer 33

the classification of a person’s blood based on the presence or absence of certain surface antigens in their red blood cells

Question 34

what are the 2 most important blood group antigens?

Answer 34

1. ABO blood group
2. Rh blood group

Question 35

what are the 2 special blood types?

Answer 35

1. AB+: universal acceptor
2. O-: universal donor

Question 36

leukocytes

Answer 36

AKA white blood cell, fights infection