C5: Circulatory System Flashcards
what are the 6 goals of the circulatory system?
- distribute nutrients from the digestive tract, liver, and adipose (fat) tissue
- transport oxygen from the lungs to the entire body and carbon dioxide from the tissued to the lungs
- transport metabolic waste products from tissues to the excretory system (the kidneys)
- transport hormones from endocrine glands to targets and provide feedback
- maintain homeostasis of body temp
- hemostasis (blood clotting), is necessary for the circulatory system itself
perfusion
the flow of blood through a tissue
ischemia
inadequate blood flow that results in tissue damage due to shortages of O2 and nutrients, and buildup of metabolic wastes
hypoxia
when adequate circulation is present but the supply of oxygen is reduced
describe heart anatomy
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veins have:
- high/low pressure
- blood moves by?
- walls are muscular/elastic
- takes blood away/towards heart
- what are the answers to these questions for arteries?
- low
- skeletal muscles
- muscular
- towards
- high; forward momentum; muscular and elastic; away
describe the circulatory system anatomy
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pulmonary circulation
the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs
systemic circulation
the flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back again
what is the SA node?
pacemaker of the heart
- cardiac cycle
- what 2 periods is the cardiac cycle split into?
- the heart contracts, relaxes in a cycle that only ends in death
- diastole and systole
diastole
ventricles are relaxed, blood is able to flow into them from the atria. at the end, ventricles contract to initiate systole
systole
period of time in which ventricles are contracting, beginning at “lub” sound and ending at “dub sound. at the end, ventricles are nearly empty and stop contracting
heart rate/ pulse
the # of times the lub-dub cardiac cycle is repeated per minute
- what is a normal heart rate per second?
- per minute
- 1 beat per second
- 45 bpm in athletes or 80 bpm in elderly or children
stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped with each systole
cardiac output
the total amount of blood pumped per minute
functional syncytium
a tissue in cardiac muscle in which the cytoplasm of different cells can communicate via gap junctions
intercalated disks
where gap junctions are found in cardiac muscle, connections between cardiac muscle cells
describe the conduction system of the heart
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describe the cardiac muscle action potential graph
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how does oxygen partake in gas transport?
hemoglobin binds oxygen cooperatively in the lungs and is released to the tissues of the body
plasma
a portion of blood that is composed of cells. also contains the following items dissolved in water: electrolytes, buffers, sugars, blood proteins, lipoproteins, CO2, O2, metabolic waste products
what is the principal sugar in blood?
glucose
albumin
blood protein that is essential for maintenance of oncotic pressure (osmotic pressure in capillaries)
fibrinogen
essential for blood clotting
what is the principal metabolic waste product of blood?
urea
bilirubin
a breakdown product of heme (the oxygen binding part of hemoglobin)
- how does carbon dioxide partake in gas transport?
- what is the equilibrium rxn and
- what does it essentially say?
- 7% dissolves in plasma, 20% binds hemoglobin, 73% is part of an equilibrium rxn
- CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (carbonic acid) = H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate)
- basically turns a hydrophobic gas into hydrophilic rxns
vagus nerve
causes the release of ACh onto the SA node
- systemic arterial pressure
- what is systolic/ diastolic pressure?
- the force per unit area exerted by blood upon the walls of arteries (what shows up when your blood pressure is measured)
- if blood pressure is 120/80, systolic is 180 (the highest pressure that ever occurs), 80 is diastolic (the lowest pressure gets)
- erythrocyte
- how is it able to carry oxygen?
- AKA red blood cell, a cell that has no nucleus or other organelles. purpose is to transport O2 to tissues from the lungs and CO2 from the tissues to the lungs
- it contains millions of molecules of hemoglobin
blood typing
the classification of a person’s blood based on the presence or absence of certain surface antigens in their red blood cells
what are the 2 most important blood group antigens?
- ABO blood group
- Rh blood group
what are the 2 special blood types?
- AB+: universal acceptor
- O-: universal donor
leukocytes
AKA white blood cell, fights infection
