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Bio > C1: Biochemistry General Concepts (Ch. 3) > Flashcards

C1: Biochemistry General Concepts (Ch. 3) Flashcards

Class 1

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1
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

implies that when the energy of a system decreases, the energy of the rest of the universe must increase and vice versa

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2
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

the disorder or entropy of the universe tends to increase

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3
Q

what is the symbol for entropy?

A

S

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4
Q

what is exergonic/ endergonic?

A

exergonic is when energy exits the system, endergonic when energy is added

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5
Q

what is activation energy?

A

the energy required to allow a rxn to proceed

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6
Q

what is reaction coupling?

A

one very favorable rxn is used to drive an unfavorable one

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7
Q

what is an active site?

A

the region in an enzymes 3D structure that is directly involved in catalysis

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8
Q

what are substrates?

A

the reactants in an enzyme- catalyzed rxn

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9
Q

enzymes catalyze rxns by binding substrates at the active site which generates a ________ ________ and then _______ are released.

A

transition state, products

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10
Q

what can enzymes be allosterically controlled by?

A

small molecules such as ADP

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11
Q

how are transition states stabilized?

A

in the active site of enzymes by electrostatic interactions

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12
Q

what is allosteric regulation?

A

the modification of active site activity via interactions of molecules w other sites on the enzyme (called allosteric sites)

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13
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

when an end product shuts off an enzyme too early in the pathway

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14
Q

what is gibbs free energy?
- when is gibbs free energy negative? what does this mean in terms of spontanity?
- when is it positive?

A
  • the difference in energy between reactants and products
  • GFE is negative when the products have less energy than the reactants and the rxn is spontaneous
  • opp. of when its negative
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15
Q

what is the formula for gibbs free energy?

A

change in G = change in H - T * change in S

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16
Q

what is a holoenzyme?

A

the entire enzyme (enzyme and protein)

17
Q

what is an apoenzyme?

A

the protein component of an enzyme

18
Q

what is a cofactor?
- what are organic cofactors AKA?

A

inorganic or organic elements that are required for enzymatic activity
- coenzymes

19
Q

in addition to helping enzymes catalyze a rxn, what else do cofactors do?

A

they are vitamins that are required in biochemical rxns

20
Q

what is a metalloenzyme?

A

entire enzyme (enzyme and protein) when a metal ion is associated

21
Q

what is an irreversible inhibitor?
- are they endergonic or exergonic?

A

inhibition that cannot be overcome, typically bind to a site on an enzyme (either active or allosteric) and destroy the enzymes ability to catalyze rxns
- exergonic

22
Q

what is a non- reversible inhibitor?

A

can bind at a site other than the active site

23
Q

what is a competitive inhibitor?

A

compete w the substrate for binding at the active site and can be overcome by addition of more substrate

24
Q

what is a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

binds at allosteric site, does not compete w substrates for binding at the active site

25
Q

what are uncompetitive inhibitors?

A

bind to the enzyme- substrate complex, not to the enzyme itself

26
Q

what is Vmax determined by?

A

the enzyme and its concentration

27
Q

what is a non- competitive inhibitors relationship w Vmax?

A

has a reduced Vmax on a graph in comparison w the normal curve

28
Q

what is Km?

A

the amount of substrate required to get 1/2 Vmax

29
Q

an enzyme functions by…

A

lowering the activation energy barrier, allowing the rxn to occur more rapidly

30
Q

what is an enzymes relationship to water?

A

most require a certain amount of water (usually small) to be functional

31
Q

a reaction w a low energy of activation will proceed…

A

more quickly than one w a high energy of activation

32
Q

what is a catalysts relationship w spontaneous/ nonspontaneous rxns?

A

a catalyst cannot complete a non spontaneous rxn, all it can do is make a spontaneous rxn faster

33
Q

what is enzymatic activity regulated by?

A

phosphorylation or associations w other molecules

34
Q

what is proteolytic cleavage?

A

it destroys the enzyme

35
Q

what ion is necessary for all rxns involving ATP?

A

Mg^2+

36
Q

each of the following releases the same amount of energy after hydrolysis of one high-energy bond except one. which one is the exception?
a. ATP
b. dATP
c. UTP
d. ADP
e. AMP

A

AMP

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