C5: Endocrine System

Question 1

endocrine system

Answer 1

regulates physiology, especially metabolism, over a period of hours to days

Question 2

hormone

Answer 2

the signal of the endocrine system, a molecule that is secreted into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland and which has its effects on a target that has the appropriate receptor

Question 3

endocrine gland

Answer 3

ductless gland whose secretory products are picked up by capillaries supplying blood to the region

Question 4

exocrine gland

Answer 4

secrete their products into the external environment by using ducts, which empty into the gastrointestinal lumen

Question 5

what 2 groups of hormones are there? give an ex of each.

Answer 5

1. hydrophilic hormones, ex: peptides
2. hydrophobic hormones, ex: steroids

Question 6

amino acid derivatives

Answer 6

hormones that can act as peptides or steroids depending on the amino acid they are derived from

Question 7

for peptides,
- describe their structure
- site of synthesis
- regulation of release
- transport in bloodstream
- specificity
- mechanism of effect
- timing of effect

Answer 7

• hydrophilic, large (polypeptides) or small (amino acid derivatives)
• rough ER
• stored in vesicles until a signal for secretion is received
• free
• only target cells have appropriate surface receptors
• bind to receptors that generate second messengers which result in modification of enzyme activity
• rapid, short lived

Question 8

for steroids,
- describe their structure
- site of synthesis
- regulation of release
- transport in bloodstream
- specificity
- mechanism of effect
- timing of effect

Answer 8

• hydrophobic, small
• smooth ER
• synthesized only when needed and then used immediately, not stored
• stuck to protein carrier
• only target cells have appropriate cytoplasmic receptors
• bind to receptors that alter gene expression by regulating DNA transcription
• slow, long lasting

Question 9

most ____ in the endocrine system is negative

Answer 9

feedback

Question 10

what portion of the brain controls most of the endocrine system and how?

Answer 10

hypothalamus, by releasing tropic hormones that regulate other tropic hormones

Question 11

hypothalamus pituitary control axis

Answer 11

the control center of the endocrine system. the hypothalamus exerts its control of the pituitary by secreting its hormones into the bloodstream but a special mini circulatory system is provided for efficient transport of hypothalamic releasing/ inhibiting factors to the anterior pituitary. this blood supply is called the hypothalamic pituitary portal system

Question 12

what ____ gland has 2 halves, anterior and posterior
- describe each

Answer 12

pituitary
- anterior pituitary gland: normal endocrine gland controlled by hypothalamic inhibiting/ releasing factors
- posterior pituitary gland: composed of axons which descend from the hypothalamus

Question 13

the ____ hormone and ____ have broad effects on metabolism and energy usage

Answer 13

thyroid; cortisol

Question 14

thyroid hormone

Answer 14

increases overall metabolic rate and body temperature, in children regulates growth

Question 15

cortisol

Answer 15

help body deal w stress