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Bio > C4: Prokaryotes/Fungi/Protists > Flashcards

C4: Prokaryotes/Fungi/Protists Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

absorptive feeder
- what kinds of organisms do this?

A

An organisms that digests molecules outside the cell, then transports them in
- fungi, fungus-like protists

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2
Q

alterations of generations
- what kind of organisms show this?

A

When one generation is haploid (gametophyte) and the next is diploid
- plants, protists, fungi

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3
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

Also called plane symmetry. When an organism has an internal plane, and two halves that are mirror images. This is associated with cephalization, more efficient locomotion

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4
Q

binary fission

A

A type of asexual reproduction, when the parent divides into two daughter organisms of approximately equal size

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5
Q

chitin
- what kind of organisms have chitin in their cell walls?

A

The major component of the fungal cell wall and the exoskeletons of arthropods. It is a long polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose
- fungi, arthropods

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6
Q

closed circulation

A

Organisms with blood vessels containing blood, which is distinct from fluid in the body cavity

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7
Q

commensalism

A

A symbiotic relationship where one species is helped and the other is unaffected

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8
Q

conjugation
- what kind of organism does conjugation?

A

A type of lateral gene transfer commonly used in prokaryotic cells, to increase genetic variation when plasmid or genomic DNA is passed from one cell (Hfr or male, with an F factor) to another cell (female, without an F factor). Mating pairs include F+ x F– and Hfr x F–
- eubacteria

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9
Q

dicot
- what kind of plants are dicot?

A

Also known as dicotyledons. One of the classes of Anthophyta plants that form two leaves in the embryo during seed development. They typically have net-like veins, taproots, stem vascular bundles arranged in a ring, and flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
- anthophyta

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10
Q

endoskeleton

A

A skeleton which functions in support and movement that is located near the interior of an animal. It can be flexible and made of cartilage (as in Chondrichthyes) or sturdy and made of bone (as in Osteichthyes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals)

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11
Q

heterotroph

A

Organisms that require organic molecules as a carbon source

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12
Q

lateral gene transfer
- what kind of organisms do this?

A

The transfer of genetic material between organisms other than vertical gene transfer (parental generation to offspring). For example, conjugation, transduction and transformation allow genetic exchange between bacterial cells; this provides an evolutionary advantage since binary fission is asexual. Also called horizontal gene transfer.
- bacteria

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13
Q

parasitism

A

A symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is harmed

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14
Q

peptidoglycan
- what kind of organisms have this?

A

Major component of the bacterial cell wall. It is a polymer of carbohydrates and amino acids that leads to Gram positive and negative staining. It is targeted by many antibiotics
- eubacteria

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15
Q

symbiosis

A

Close and usually obligatory association of two organisms of different species living together. The three main types of symbiosis are commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism

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16
Q

transduction
- what kind of organisms do this?

A

A type of lateral gene-transfer, commonly used in prokaryotic cells to increase genetic variation. Genomic DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another via a lysogenic phage
- eubacteria

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17
Q

transformation
- what kind of organisms do this?

A

A type of lateral gene transfer, commonly used in prokaryotic cells to increase genetic variation. Genomic DNA or plasmids are taken up into a bacteria cell from the environment. It can also be used as a lab technique, using electrical current or heat
- eubacteria

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18
Q

monocot

A

One of the classes of Anthophyta plants, where one leaf is formed in the embryo during seed development. Monocots also have parallel veins, fibrous roots, scattered vascular tissue in the stem, and flower parts in multiples of 3

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19
Q

most prokaryotes are ____ (multicellular/ unicellular) and _____ (heteroautotrops/ heterotrophs). they have ____ (2/1) circular chromosome.

A

unicellular; heterotrophs; 1

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of prokaryotes?

A

eubacteria and archaebacteria

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21
Q
  • the majority of prokaryotes are ____
  • what are the cell walls of eubacteria and archaebacteria made up of? (respectively)
A
  • eubacteria
  • peptidoglycan; chitin
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22
Q

what is a mutualistic relationship we have with eubacteria?

A

e. coli in our colon

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23
Q

eubacteria are ____ (antigens/pathogens) and break down organic material (____)

A

pathogens; decomposers

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24
Q
  • cyanobacteria is a type of ____
  • they are (autotrophs/heterotrophs)
  • they (do/do not) perform photosynthesis
  • they are AKA…
A
  • eubacteria
  • autotrophs
  • do
  • blue green algae
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25
Q

the root “mycota” means….

A

it looks or acts like a fungi

26
Q

fungi are…
- prokaryotic/eukaryotic
- have/ do not have membrane bound organelles
- uni/ multicellular
- uni/ multinucleate
- cell walls are made of ____
- motile/ nonmotile
- what is the exception to some of these answers?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • yes
  • mostly multicellular
  • mostly multinucleate
  • chitin
  • nonmotile
  • yeast; it is unicellular
27
Q

mycelium

A

undifferentiated tissue of fungi

28
Q

hyphae

A

long filaments made of many cells joined end-to-end. can be mononucleate or multinucleate and grow at their tips via mitosis (present in fungi)

29
Q

fungi can be haploid, diploid, or ____ which means….

A

heterokaryotic; where one cell has more than one nucleus

30
Q
  • what type of cellular respiration do yeast perform?
  • moreover, what do they also perform?
A
  • faculative anaerobes
  • fermentation
31
Q
  • are fungi photosynthetic?
  • decomposers?
  • in regard to decomposing, most fungi are either ____ or ____
  • are they heterotrophs/chemoheterotrophs?
  • how do they eat?
  • what type of cellular respiration do they perform?
A
  • no
  • yes
  • saprophytes: feed off dead plants and animals, parasites: feed off living organisms, doing harm to the host
  • chemoheterotrophs: use chemical energy from eating organic molecules
  • absorptive feeders
  • obligate aerobes
32
Q

describe the structure of fungi

A

CHECK FOLDER

33
Q

what are the 4 types of fungal asexual reproduction?

A
  1. asexual spores
  2. fragmentation
  3. budding
  4. fission
34
Q

describe asexual spores

A

a form of fungal asexual reproduction. spores form through mitosis and generate many from one cell, germinate to form new hyphae

35
Q

describe fragmentation

A

a form of fungal asexual reproduction. mycelium is broken off into chunks and grows into a new fungus

36
Q

describe budding

A

a form of fungal asexual reproduction. a chunk of hypha starts growing out of an existing hypha into a new fungus

37
Q

describe how fungal sexual reproduction works

A

2 haploid spores begin combining via plasmogamy (cytoplasms fuse) and become dikaryote (1 cell w 2 diff nuclei) and then become karyogamy (nuclei fuse) forming a diploid cell that undergoes meiosis. this leave 4 cells which each undergo mitosis to make new fungi

38
Q

for zygomycota,
- what is the spore- producing structure on the fruiting body?
- what are the sexual spores called?
- what are 2 examples?

A
  • sporangia
  • zygospores
  • bread, common molds
39
Q

for ascomycota (sac fungi),
- what is the spore- producing structure on the fruiting body?
- what are the sexual spores called? how are they produced?
- what are 2 examples?

A
  • asci
  • ascospores; production of spores called conida
  • yeast, truffles
40
Q

for basidiomycota,
- what is the spore- producing structure on the fruiting body?
- what are the sexual spores called?
- what are 2 examples?

A
  • basidiocarp
  • basidiospores
  • mushrooms, shelf fungi
41
Q

in regard to protists,
- eukaryotic/prokaryotic
- have/ do not have membrane bound organelles
- uni/ multicellular
- what kind of habitats do they live in?
- how do they reproduce?
- what are the 3 types of protists?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • yes, have
  • mostly unicellular
  • aquatic/ damp environments
  • sexually via gametes/ meiosis, asexually via binary fission
    1. animal- like, 2. fungal- like, 3. plant- like
42
Q

for animal-like protists (protozoa),
- how do they acquire nutrients?
- how do they eat?
- are they uni/ multicellular?
- what are 4 examples?

A
  • heterotrophs
  • ingestive feeders (food is digested in the body)
  • unicellular
    1. amoeba: use pseudopodia to move, 2. zooflagelate: use flagella to move (ex: euglena) 3. ciliophora: use cilia to move (ex: paramecium), 4. apicomplexa: non-motile (ex: plasmodium)
43
Q

for plant- like protists (algae),
- how do they acquire nutrients?
- how do they eat?
- are they uni/ multicellular?
- what are 4 examples?

A
  • autotrophs
  • photosynthetic
  • either
    1. chlorophyta: green algae (pigment chlorophyll b), 2. phaeophyta: brown algae (pigment fucoxanthin), 3. rhodophyta: red algae (pigment phycobiliproteins), 4. chrysophyta: golden algae (pigment chlorophyll c and fucoxanthin)
44
Q

for fungal- like protists (molds),
- how do they acquire nutrients?
- how do they eat?
- are they uni/ multicellular?
- what are 3 examples?

A
  • heterotrophs, decomposers
  • absorptive feeders
  • either
  • slime molds, mildew, water molds
45
Q

what is a lichen?

A

a mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae (protist)

46
Q

what is an algae?

A

all algae are protists except blue-green algae

47
Q

what are diatoms?

A

chrysophyta, they have glass-like cell walls that help with water filtration

48
Q

in terms of evolution,
what is fitness?

A

how successful an animal is in passing on its alleles to future generations

49
Q

what are the 2 sources of genetic variation in a population?

A
  1. new alleles (the result of mutations in a genome)
  2. new combinations of existing alleles (generated during sexual reproduction)
50
Q

define species

A

a group of organisms that are capable of reproducing with each other sexually

51
Q

define reproductive isolation
- what are the 2 types?

A

keeps existing species separate
- prezygotic barriers (prevent the formation of a hybrid zygote) or postzygotic barriers (prevent the development, survival, or reproduction of hybrid individuals)

52
Q

define cladogenesis

A

branching speciation, one species diversifies and becomes 2 new species

53
Q

define anagenesis

A

one species becomes another by changing so much that if an individual were to go back in time, it would be unable to sexually reproduce with its ancestors

54
Q

define allopatric speciation

A

a type of cladogenesis, initiated by geographic isolation which leads to reproductive isolation

55
Q

define sympatric speciation

A

when a species gives rise to a new species in the same geographical area

56
Q

homologous structures

A

physical features shared by 2 different species as a result of a common ancestor

57
Q

analogous structures

A

serve the same function in 2 different species but not due to common ancestry

58
Q

convergent evolution
- what is the opposite of this?

A

when 2 different species come to posses many analogous structures due to similar selective pressures
- divergent evolution

59
Q

parallel evolution

A

when 2 species go through similar evolutionary changes due to similar selective pressures

60
Q

what are the 8 taxonomic categories?

A
  1. domain
  2. kingdom
  3. phylum
  4. class
  5. order
  6. family
  7. genus
  8. species

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