C4: Prokaryotes/Fungi/Protists Flashcards
absorptive feeder
- what kinds of organisms do this?
An organisms that digests molecules outside the cell, then transports them in
- fungi, fungus-like protists
alterations of generations
- what kind of organisms show this?
When one generation is haploid (gametophyte) and the next is diploid
- plants, protists, fungi
bilateral symmetry
Also called plane symmetry. When an organism has an internal plane, and two halves that are mirror images. This is associated with cephalization, more efficient locomotion
binary fission
A type of asexual reproduction, when the parent divides into two daughter organisms of approximately equal size
chitin
- what kind of organisms have chitin in their cell walls?
The major component of the fungal cell wall and the exoskeletons of arthropods. It is a long polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose
- fungi, arthropods
closed circulation
Organisms with blood vessels containing blood, which is distinct from fluid in the body cavity
commensalism
A symbiotic relationship where one species is helped and the other is unaffected
conjugation
- what kind of organism does conjugation?
A type of lateral gene transfer commonly used in prokaryotic cells, to increase genetic variation when plasmid or genomic DNA is passed from one cell (Hfr or male, with an F factor) to another cell (female, without an F factor). Mating pairs include F+ x Fâ and Hfr x Fâ
- eubacteria
dicot
- what kind of plants are dicot?
Also known as dicotyledons. One of the classes of Anthophyta plants that form two leaves in the embryo during seed development. They typically have net-like veins, taproots, stem vascular bundles arranged in a ring, and flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
- anthophyta
endoskeleton
A skeleton which functions in support and movement that is located near the interior of an animal. It can be flexible and made of cartilage (as in Chondrichthyes) or sturdy and made of bone (as in Osteichthyes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals)
heterotroph
Organisms that require organic molecules as a carbon source
lateral gene transfer
- what kind of organisms do this?
The transfer of genetic material between organisms other than vertical gene transfer (parental generation to offspring). For example, conjugation, transduction and transformation allow genetic exchange between bacterial cells; this provides an evolutionary advantage since binary fission is asexual. Also called horizontal gene transfer.
- bacteria
parasitism
A symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is harmed
peptidoglycan
- what kind of organisms have this?
Major component of the bacterial cell wall. It is a polymer of carbohydrates and amino acids that leads to Gram positive and negative staining. It is targeted by many antibiotics
- eubacteria
symbiosis
Close and usually obligatory association of two organisms of different species living together. The three main types of symbiosis are commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism
transduction
- what kind of organisms do this?
A type of lateral gene-transfer, commonly used in prokaryotic cells to increase genetic variation. Genomic DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another via a lysogenic phage
- eubacteria
transformation
- what kind of organisms do this?
A type of lateral gene transfer, commonly used in prokaryotic cells to increase genetic variation. Genomic DNA or plasmids are taken up into a bacteria cell from the environment. It can also be used as a lab technique, using electrical current or heat
- eubacteria
monocot
One of the classes of Anthophyta plants, where one leaf is formed in the embryo during seed development. Monocots also have parallel veins, fibrous roots, scattered vascular tissue in the stem, and flower parts in multiples of 3
most prokaryotes are ____ (multicellular/ unicellular) and _____ (heteroautotrops/ heterotrophs). they have ____ (2/1) circular chromosome.
unicellular; heterotrophs; 1
what are the 2 types of prokaryotes?
eubacteria and archaebacteria
- the majority of prokaryotes are ____
- what are the cell walls of eubacteria and archaebacteria made up of? (respectively)
- eubacteria
- peptidoglycan; chitin
what is a mutualistic relationship we have with eubacteria?
e. coli in our colon
eubacteria are ____ (antigens/pathogens) and break down organic material (____)
pathogens; decomposers
- cyanobacteria is a type of ____
- they are (autotrophs/heterotrophs)
- they (do/do not) perform photosynthesis
- they are AKAâŚ
- eubacteria
- autotrophs
- do
- blue green algae
the root âmycotaâ meansâŚ.
it looks or acts like a fungi
fungi areâŚ
- prokaryotic/eukaryotic
- have/ do not have membrane bound organelles
- uni/ multicellular
- uni/ multinucleate
- cell walls are made of ____
- motile/ nonmotile
- what is the exception to some of these answers?
- eukaryotic
- yes
- mostly multicellular
- mostly multinucleate
- chitin
- nonmotile
- yeast; it is unicellular
mycelium
undifferentiated tissue of fungi
hyphae
long filaments made of many cells joined end-to-end. can be mononucleate or multinucleate and grow at their tips via mitosis (present in fungi)
fungi can be haploid, diploid, or ____ which meansâŚ.
heterokaryotic; where one cell has more than one nucleus
- what type of cellular respiration do yeast perform?
- moreover, what do they also perform?
- faculative anaerobes
- fermentation
- are fungi photosynthetic?
- decomposers?
- in regard to decomposing, most fungi are either ____ or ____
- are they heterotrophs/chemoheterotrophs?
- how do they eat?
- what type of cellular respiration do they perform?
- no
- yes
- saprophytes: feed off dead plants and animals, parasites: feed off living organisms, doing harm to the host
- chemoheterotrophs: use chemical energy from eating organic molecules
- absorptive feeders
- obligate aerobes
describe the structure of fungi
CHECK FOLDER
what are the 4 types of fungal asexual reproduction?
- asexual spores
- fragmentation
- budding
- fission
describe asexual spores
a form of fungal asexual reproduction. spores form through mitosis and generate many from one cell, germinate to form new hyphae
describe fragmentation
a form of fungal asexual reproduction. mycelium is broken off into chunks and grows into a new fungus
describe budding
a form of fungal asexual reproduction. a chunk of hypha starts growing out of an existing hypha into a new fungus
describe how fungal sexual reproduction works
2 haploid spores begin combining via plasmogamy (cytoplasms fuse) and become dikaryote (1 cell w 2 diff nuclei) and then become karyogamy (nuclei fuse) forming a diploid cell that undergoes meiosis. this leave 4 cells which each undergo mitosis to make new fungi
for zygomycota,
- what is the spore- producing structure on the fruiting body?
- what are the sexual spores called?
- what are 2 examples?
- sporangia
- zygospores
- bread, common molds
for ascomycota (sac fungi),
- what is the spore- producing structure on the fruiting body?
- what are the sexual spores called? how are they produced?
- what are 2 examples?
- asci
- ascospores; production of spores called conida
- yeast, truffles
for basidiomycota,
- what is the spore- producing structure on the fruiting body?
- what are the sexual spores called?
- what are 2 examples?
- basidiocarp
- basidiospores
- mushrooms, shelf fungi
in regard to protists,
- eukaryotic/prokaryotic
- have/ do not have membrane bound organelles
- uni/ multicellular
- what kind of habitats do they live in?
- how do they reproduce?
- what are the 3 types of protists?
- eukaryotic
- yes, have
- mostly unicellular
- aquatic/ damp environments
- sexually via gametes/ meiosis, asexually via binary fission
- animal- like, 2. fungal- like, 3. plant- like
for animal-like protists (protozoa),
- how do they acquire nutrients?
- how do they eat?
- are they uni/ multicellular?
- what are 4 examples?
- heterotrophs
- ingestive feeders (food is digested in the body)
- unicellular
- amoeba: use pseudopodia to move, 2. zooflagelate: use flagella to move (ex: euglena) 3. ciliophora: use cilia to move (ex: paramecium), 4. apicomplexa: non-motile (ex: plasmodium)
for plant- like protists (algae),
- how do they acquire nutrients?
- how do they eat?
- are they uni/ multicellular?
- what are 4 examples?
- autotrophs
- photosynthetic
- either
- chlorophyta: green algae (pigment chlorophyll b), 2. phaeophyta: brown algae (pigment fucoxanthin), 3. rhodophyta: red algae (pigment phycobiliproteins), 4. chrysophyta: golden algae (pigment chlorophyll c and fucoxanthin)
for fungal- like protists (molds),
- how do they acquire nutrients?
- how do they eat?
- are they uni/ multicellular?
- what are 3 examples?
- heterotrophs, decomposers
- absorptive feeders
- either
- slime molds, mildew, water molds
what is a lichen?
a mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae (protist)
what is an algae?
all algae are protists except blue-green algae
what are diatoms?
chrysophyta, they have glass-like cell walls that help with water filtration
in terms of evolution,
what is fitness?
how successful an animal is in passing on its alleles to future generations
what are the 2 sources of genetic variation in a population?
- new alleles (the result of mutations in a genome)
- new combinations of existing alleles (generated during sexual reproduction)
define species
a group of organisms that are capable of reproducing with each other sexually
define reproductive isolation
- what are the 2 types?
keeps existing species separate
- prezygotic barriers (prevent the formation of a hybrid zygote) or postzygotic barriers (prevent the development, survival, or reproduction of hybrid individuals)
define cladogenesis
branching speciation, one species diversifies and becomes 2 new species
define anagenesis
one species becomes another by changing so much that if an individual were to go back in time, it would be unable to sexually reproduce with its ancestors
define allopatric speciation
a type of cladogenesis, initiated by geographic isolation which leads to reproductive isolation
define sympatric speciation
when a species gives rise to a new species in the same geographical area
homologous structures
physical features shared by 2 different species as a result of a common ancestor
analogous structures
serve the same function in 2 different species but not due to common ancestry
convergent evolution
- what is the opposite of this?
when 2 different species come to posses many analogous structures due to similar selective pressures
- divergent evolution
parallel evolution
when 2 species go through similar evolutionary changes due to similar selective pressures
what are the 8 taxonomic categories?
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
