C2: Prokaryotic Cells

Question 1

what is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 1

similar to eukaryotes

Question 2

what is the function of the capsule?

Answer 2

polysaccharides, function in adhesion and protection

Question 3

what is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 3

made up of peptidoglycan, protects against lysis due to osmotic pressure

Question 4

what is a protoplast?

Answer 4

a structure that is the result of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall being destroyed

Question 5

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 5

similar to eukaryotes

Question 6

what is the function of the chromosome?

Answer 6

genome, dsDNA (double stranded), circular, one chromosome with one ORI

Question 7

what is the function of the plasmid?

Answer 7

optional, extrachromosomal DNA, small circular dsDNA

Question 8

what is the function of the pilus?

Answer 8

protein bristles, function in adherence and conjugation

Question 9

what is the function of the flagellum?
- prokaryotes have this instead of ____
- what are the 3 types of flagella and what do they mean?

Answer 9

rotates for movement
- cilia
- monotrichous: 1 flagella
- amphitrichous: 2 flagella
- peritrichous: many flagella

Question 10

in flagella,
what is chemotaxis?
- the connection between chemotaxis and flagellar propulsion is dependent on….

Answer 10

bacterial motion toward attractants
- chemoreceptors that transmit a signal which influences the direction of flagellar rotation

Question 11

prokaryotic flagella are formed by 3 subunits…

Answer 11

1. basal body
2. hook
3. flagella

Question 12

in prokaryotic flagella,
movement of protons down its gradient rotates the ____ which ____ the flagella

Answer 12

hook; spins

Question 13

in prokaryotes, flagella ____. in eukaryotic flagella, it ____.

Answer 13

spins; waves side to side

Question 14

bacteria that is rod shaped is called

Answer 14

bacilli

Question 15

bacteria that is spherical is called

Answer 15

cocci

Question 16

bacteria that is spiral shaped is called

Answer 16

spirilla/ spirochetes

Question 17

where does gram positive bacteria stain the bacterial cell wall?
- what color does it stain?
- is the peptidoglycan wall thin or thick

Answer 17

outside the plasma membrane
- dark purple
- thick

Question 18

under unfavorable growth conditions in gram positive bacteria, ____ can be formed
- the metabolic reactivation of an endospore is termed ____

Answer 18

endospores
- germination

Question 19

where does gram negative bacteria stain the bacterial cell wall?
- what color does it stain?
- is the peptidoglycan wall thin or thick

Answer 19

in between the inner and outer membrane
- pink
- thin

Question 20

what 2 types of energy exist within bacteria?

Answer 20

phototrophic, chemotrophic

Question 21

what 2 types of carbon sources exist within bacteria?

Answer 21

autotroph: CO2, heterotroph: organic molecules

Question 22

what 3 types of temperatures exist within bacteria?

Answer 22

psychrophiles (cold), mesophiles (moderate), thermophile (hot)

Question 23

what 2 types of ways can bacteria exist?

Answer 23

wild type (does not need additional nutrients), auxotroph (cannot live in minimal media)

Question 24

how does bacteria replicate?

Answer 24

binary fission

Question 25

binary fission is ____

Answer 25

asexual

Question 26

what are the 3 steps that bacteria take in order to get around the disadvantage of dividing asexually?

Answer 26

1. transformation: uptake DNA from the enviornment
2. transduction: transfer of DNA between bacteria via a lysogenic phage/ virus
3. conjugation: transfer of DNA between 2 bacterial cells via a sex pilus or conjugation bridge

Question 27

describe the 2 options for conjugation between bacterial cells

Answer 27

1. a male bacterium w a plasmid passes a plasmid to a female bacterium that does not contain a plasmid, it contains the F factor
2. a Hfr bacterium w the F factor in its chromosome mates w a female cell that has no F factor

Question 28

what is DNA gyrase?

Answer 28

an enzyme that supercoils prokaryotic DNA

Question 29

what are chemoautotrophs?
- how do they obtain energy?

Answer 29

bacteria that build organic macromolecules from CO2, using the energy of chemicals
- oxidizing inorganic molecules

Question 30

what are chemoheterotrophs?

Answer 30

bacteria that require organic molecules such as glucose made by other organisms as their carbon source and for energy (us)

Question 31

what are photoautotrophs?

Answer 31

bacteria that use only CO2 as a carbon source and obtain their energy from the sun (plants)

Question 32

what are photoheterotrophs?

Answer 32

bacteria that get their energy from the sun but require an organic molecule made by another organism as their carbon source

Question 33

what does minimal medium contain?

Answer 33

nothing but glucose

Question 34

what is an auxotroph?

Answer 34

a bacteria that cannot survive on minimal medium because it cant synthesize a molecule it needs to live

Question 35

• what are obligate anaerobes?
• faculative anaerobes?
• tolerant anaerobes?

Answer 35

• obligate: bacteria that do NOT require oxygen, are poisoned by it
• facultative: use oxygen when its around but dont need it
• tolerant: can grow in presence or absence of oxygen but do not use it in their metabolism

Question 36

true or false:
the majority of gene expression regulation occurs at the transcriptional stage

Answer 36

true

Question 37

true or false:
the lac operon is turned off in the presence of lactose because it is inducible

Answer 37

false, it is turned on

Question 38

true or false:
the trp operon is turned off in response of tryptophan because it is inducible

Answer 38

false, it is repressible

Question 39

can bacteria participate in aerobic respiration?

Answer 39

yes, ETC and oxidative phosphorylation happens in the plasma membrane for prokaryotes

Question 40

how many ATP to prokaryotes and eukaryotes make, respectivley?

Answer 40

prok= 32, euk= 30