C2: Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards
Class 2
what is the function of the cell membrane?
similar to eukaryotes
what is the function of the capsule?
polysaccharides, function in adhesion and protection
what is the function of the cell wall?
made up of peptidoglycan, protects against lysis due to osmotic pressure
what is a protoplast?
a structure that is the result of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall being destroyed
what is the function of the cytoplasm?
similar to eukaryotes
what is the function of the chromosome?
genome, dsDNA (double stranded), circular, one chromosome with one ORI
what is the function of the plasmid?
optional, extrachromosomal DNA, small circular dsDNA
what is the function of the pilus?
protein bristles, function in adherence and conjugation
what is the function of the flagellum?
- prokaryotes have this instead of ____
- what are the 3 types of flagella and what do they mean?
rotates for movement
- cilia
- monotrichous: 1 flagella
- amphitrichous: 2 flagella
- peritrichous: many flagella
in flagella,
what is chemotaxis?
- the connection between chemotaxis and flagellar propulsion is dependent on….
bacterial motion toward attractants
- chemoreceptors that transmit a signal which influences the direction of flagellar rotation
prokaryotic flagella are formed by 3 subunits…
- basal body
- hook
- flagella
in prokaryotic flagella,
movement of protons down its gradient rotates the ____ which ____ the flagella
hook; spins
in prokaryotes, flagella ____. in eukaryotic flagella, it ____.
spins; waves side to side
bacteria that is rod shaped is called
bacilli
bacteria that is spherical is called
cocci
bacteria that is spiral shaped is called
spirilla/ spirochetes
where does gram positive bacteria stain the bacterial cell wall?
- what color does it stain?
- is the peptidoglycan wall thin or thick
outside the plasma membrane
- dark purple
- thick
under unfavorable growth conditions in gram positive bacteria, ____ can be formed
- the metabolic reactivation of an endospore is termed ____
endospores
- germination
where does gram negative bacteria stain the bacterial cell wall?
- what color does it stain?
- is the peptidoglycan wall thin or thick
in between the inner and outer membrane
- pink
- thin
what 2 types of energy exist within bacteria?
phototrophic, chemotrophic
what 2 types of carbon sources exist within bacteria?
autotroph: CO2, heterotroph: organic molecules
what 3 types of temperatures exist within bacteria?
psychrophiles (cold), mesophiles (moderate), thermophile (hot)
what 2 types of ways can bacteria exist?
wild type (does not need additional nutrients), auxotroph (cannot live in minimal media)
how does bacteria replicate?
binary fission
binary fission is ____
asexual
what are the 3 steps that bacteria take in order to get around the disadvantage of dividing asexually?
- transformation: uptake DNA from the enviornment
- transduction: transfer of DNA between bacteria via a lysogenic phage/ virus
- conjugation: transfer of DNA between 2 bacterial cells via a sex pilus or conjugation bridge
describe the 2 options for conjugation between bacterial cells
- a male bacterium w a plasmid passes a plasmid to a female bacterium that does not contain a plasmid, it contains the F factor
- a Hfr bacterium w the F factor in its chromosome mates w a female cell that has no F factor
what is DNA gyrase?
an enzyme that supercoils prokaryotic DNA
what are chemoautotrophs?
- how do they obtain energy?
bacteria that build organic macromolecules from CO2, using the energy of chemicals
- oxidizing inorganic molecules
what are chemoheterotrophs?
bacteria that require organic molecules such as glucose made by other organisms as their carbon source and for energy (us)
what are photoautotrophs?
bacteria that use only CO2 as a carbon source and obtain their energy from the sun (plants)
what are photoheterotrophs?
bacteria that get their energy from the sun but require an organic molecule made by another organism as their carbon source
what does minimal medium contain?
nothing but glucose
what is an auxotroph?
a bacteria that cannot survive on minimal medium because it cant synthesize a molecule it needs to live
- what are obligate anaerobes?
- faculative anaerobes?
- tolerant anaerobes?
- obligate: bacteria that do NOT require oxygen, are poisoned by it
- facultative: use oxygen when its around but dont need it
- tolerant: can grow in presence or absence of oxygen but do not use it in their metabolism
true or false:
the majority of gene expression regulation occurs at the transcriptional stage
true
true or false:
the lac operon is turned off in the presence of lactose because it is inducible
false, it is turned on
true or false:
the trp operon is turned off in response of tryptophan because it is inducible
false, it is repressible
can bacteria participate in aerobic respiration?
yes, ETC and oxidative phosphorylation happens in the plasma membrane for prokaryotes
how many ATP to prokaryotes and eukaryotes make, respectivley?
prok= 32, euk= 30
