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Bio > C1: Biological Macromolecules (Ch. 2) > Flashcards

C1: Biological Macromolecules (Ch. 2) Flashcards

Class 1

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1
Q

how are polymers formed? broken?

A

dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis aka hydration rxn

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2
Q

what is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

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3
Q

describe the r group of the amino acid glycine. what does it look like?

A

R= H, very flexible
* SEE INDEX CARDS*

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4
Q

describe the r group of the amino acid proline. what does it look like?

A

R= secondary amino loop, very rigid
SEE INDEX CARDS

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5
Q

describe the r group of the amino acid cysteine. what does it look like?

A

R= CH2SH, can form disulfide bridges.
- has terminal sulfur at the end
* SEE INDEX CARDS*

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6
Q

what does methionine look like?

A

contains sulfur at the beginning (start codon AUG)
* SEE INDEX CARDS*

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7
Q

in a primary protein structure, what are amino acids connected by?
- what does this structure show you?
- are these bonds covalent/ noncovalent? what enzymes can break these bonds?
- this structure is due to what kind of interaction?

A
  • peptide bonds
  • the actual sequence of amino acids
  • covalent, can be broken by protease and peptidase
  • due to backbone interactions
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8
Q

how are polypeptides synthesized?

A

from the N terminus to the C terminus

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9
Q

what does the backbone of primary proteins look like?

A

N-C-C

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10
Q

in a secondary protein structure, what kind of bonds are there? what kind of shapes are formed within these structures?
- what does this structure show you?
- this structure is due to what kind of interaction?

A
  • hydrogen bonds
  • interactions between amino acid backbones
  • alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
  • backbone interactions
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11
Q

what is a tertiary protein structure aka?
- what does this structure show you?
- this structure is due to what kind of interaction?

A
  • protein folding
  • interaction of its amino acid side chains
  • r group interactions
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12
Q

what are the 3 types of non covalent tertiary structure folding?

A
  • nonpolar w nonpolar
  • polar neutral w polar neutral
  • acidic w basic
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13
Q

what is the type of covalent tertiary structure folding?

A

cysteine w cysteine, which creates a disulfide bridge

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14
Q

what is the only amino acid that can form disulfide bridges?

A

cysteine

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15
Q

what is a thiol?

A

an SH group

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16
Q

what is quaternary protein structure due to?
- what does this structure show you?
- what are 2 examples of quaternary structure? what is the structure of these?

A
  • r group interactions
  • interaction of two seperate protein structures
  • hemoglobin and immunoglobulin aka antibody. structure is 4 peptide chains connected by quaternary protein structure
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17
Q

what is K-Ras?

A

a protein made up of amino acid monomers connected by peptide bonds

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18
Q

at physiological pH, what happens to the carboxylic acid part of an amino acid?
- what about the amino group?

A
  • COOH is deprotonated to COO-
  • NH2 is protonated to NH3^+
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19
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrates?
- what is the formula for them?

A

monosaccharides
- CnH2nOn

20
Q

what are the 5 important monosaccharides?
- which are hexoses/pentoses?

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
    (hexoses)
  • ribose
  • deoxyribose
    (pentoses)
21
Q

what is the bond of a disaccharide?
- what is the formula?

A

glycosidic linkage
- C12H22O11

22
Q

what is sucrose made up of and what kind of carbohydrate is it?

A

glucose and fructose, disaccharide

23
Q

what is lactose made up of and what kind of carbohydrate is it?

A

glucose and galactose, disaccharide

24
Q

what is maltose made up of and what kind of carbohydrate is it?

A

glucose and glucose, disaccharide

25
Q

what polysaccharide provides sugar storage in animals?

A

glycogen

26
Q

what polysaccharide provides sugar storage in plants?

A

starch

27
Q

what polysaccharide is the plant cell wall made up of?

A

cellulose

28
Q

what is the bacterial cell wall made up of?
fungal cell wall?

A
  • peptidoglycan
  • chitin
29
Q

what is the technical name for fat?

A

triglyceride

30
Q

what is the lipid bilayer?

A

hydrophobic interactions made up of phospholipids to make an orderly structure

31
Q

what is the monomer of lipids?

A

hydrocarbons in fatty acids (the CH3 and CH2 groups in fatty acids)

32
Q

what are the characteristics of a saturated fatty acid?

A
  • all single bonds
  • saturated w hydrogen atoms
  • pack tightly
  • solid at room temp
33
Q

what are the characteristics of an unsaturated fatty acid?

A
  • have one or more double bonds
  • kinks in fatty acid chain
  • cant pack together well
  • liquid at room temp
34
Q

what is a triglyceride?
- what is its function?
- what is an ex of it in the body?

A

a fatty acid made up of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains
- function is to eat and store fat
- ex is adipocytes aka fat cells in adipose tissue aka fat tissue

35
Q

what is a phospholipid?
- is it polar/ nonpolar?
- what is its function?

A

a fatty acid made up of a glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
- amphipathic
- is the main component of membranes

36
Q

what is cholesterol?
- what does it look like?
- what kind of hormone does it make?
- what is its role in the plasma mem?

A

a fatty acid made of a tetracyclic ring system
* SEE INDEX CARDS*
- makes steroid hormones
- determines whether plasma mems are rigid or fluid

37
Q

what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
- what are the subcomponents of this monomer?
- what is the main ex of this monomer?

A
  • nucleotide
  • phosphate, ribose, nitrogenous base. these last 2 form a nucleoside
  • ATP
38
Q

what are 2 important types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

39
Q

what are the pyrimidines?

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

40
Q

what are the purines?

A

adenine, guanine

41
Q

how is DNA synthesized?
- how are the nitrogenous bases paired? how many H bonds do they have?
- how are nucelotides connected?

A
  • 5’ to 3’, antiparallel, complementary
  • T to A, 2 H bonds
    C to G, 3 H bonds
  • phosphodiester bonds
42
Q

what is the sugar of DNA called?
- what is its function?
- how stable is it?
- how long is its lifespan?

A
  • deoxyribose
  • genome
  • very stable
  • long lifespan
43
Q

what is the sugar of RNA called?
- what are its pyrimidines?
- how does it base pair?
- how is it standed?
- what is its function?
- how stable is it?
- how long is its lifespan?

A
  • ribose
  • C and U
  • C to G and A to U
  • single
  • gene expression
  • low stability
  • short lifespan
44
Q

what are micelles?

A

made up of substances that have polar and nonpolar regions (amphipathic)

45
Q

what is the polarity of inorganic salts?

A

very polar

46
Q

enzymes are what kind of macromolecule?

A

proteins

47
Q

what kind of macromolecule is insulin?
- describe its structure

A
  • protein
  • 2 peptide chains

Bio (22 decks)

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