C3.1 Integration of body systems SL

Question 1

Hierarchy of Biological Organisation

Answer 1

Levels from simple to complex: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Question 2

Emergent Properties

Answer 2

New properties arising from interactions at each level of biological hierarchy

Question 3

Role of Cells

Answer 3

Basic structural and functional units of life

Question 4

Function of Tissues

Answer 4

Groups of similar cells performing common functions

Question 5

Integration in Multicellular Organisms

Answer 5

Collaborative function of cells, tissues, and organs for complex processes

Question 6

Nervous vs. Endocrine System

Answer 6

Nervous: Quick, short-lived electrical signals. Endocrine: Slower, long-lived chemical signals

Question 7

Role of Hypothalamus

Answer 7

Controls endocrine system, regulates homeostasis

Question 8

Function of Neurons

Answer 8

Specialized cells for transmitting nerve impulses

Question 9

Brain’s Functions

Answer 9

Regulates vital functions, integrates sensory information

Question 10

Spinal Cord’s Role

Answer 10

Conveys information between brain and body, reflex actions

Question 11

Sensory Neurons

Answer 11

Transmit sensory information from receptors to CNS

Question 12

Motor Neurons

Answer 12

Send signals from CNS to muscles and organs

Question 13

Interneurons

Answer 13

Connect sensory and motor neurons in CNS

Question 14

Myelinated vs. Unmyelinated Nerves

Answer 14

Myelinated: Faster signal transmission. Unmyelinated: Slower, continuous signal

Question 15

Function of Nerves

Answer 15

Bundles of neurons transmitting impulses throughout the body

Question 16

Pain Reflex Arc

Answer 16

Neural pathway for immediate response to harmful stimuli

Question 17

Role of Cerebellum

Answer 17

Coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and motor learning

Question 18

Types of Reflexes

Answer 18

Involuntary responses like blinking, sneezing, coughing

Question 19

Function of Reflex Action

Answer 19

Protects body from injury, minimizes harm from external stimuli

Question 20

Cerebellum and Balance

Answer 20

Regulates posture, maintains equilibrium

Question 21

Melatonin and Circadian Rhythms

Answer 21

Regulates sleep-wake cycle, affected by light exposure

Question 22

Effects of Epinephrine

Answer 22

Increases heart rate, alertness; ‘fight or flight’ response

Question 23

Feedback Mechanisms in Endocrine System

Answer 23

Maintain hormone balance, regulate body functions

Question 24

Hypothalamus-Pituitary Interaction

Answer 24

Regulates other endocrine glands, controls hormone levels

Question 25

Control of Endocrine System

Answer 25

Hormone secretion, response to environmental and internal stimuli

Question 26

Heart Rate Regulation

Answer 26

Influenced by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

Question 27

Ventilation Rate Control

Answer 27

Adjusted based on CO2 levels and oxygen demand

Question 28

Baroreceptors

Answer 28

Sensory receptors detecting changes in blood pressure

Question 29

Chemoreceptors

Answer 29

Detect chemical changes in blood like O2 and CO2 levels

Question 30

Feedback Loop in Homeostasis

Answer 30

Mechanism maintaining stability in response to environmental change