B2.2 Organelles and compartmentalisation HL Flashcards
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Golgi Apparatus
An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.
Lysosome
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).
Mitochondrion
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs. It contains chlorophyll and has a unique set of three membranes.
Chloroplast
A double membrane structure that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm. It contains nuclear pores for the transport of materials
Nuclear Envelope
Small particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins
Ribosomes
Cristae
Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that increase the surface area for electron transport and ATP synthesis.
A membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Thylakoid
Stroma
The fluid-filled matrix of a chloroplast in which the Calvin Cycle takes place, outside the thylakoid systems.
A semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins. It regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell.
Plasma Membrane
The natural, regulated mechanism of the cell that disassembles unnecessary or dysfunctional components.
Autophagy
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A region of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid synthesis and metabolism, and detoxification.
A region of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A small structure within a cell, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer, used to transport materials within the cell
Vesicle
Large protein complexes in the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells that regulate the transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Nuclear Pores
The process by which proteins are sorted and packaged into vesicles in the Golgi apparatus before being transported to their destination
Protein Packaging
Cell Respiration
The process by which cells break down glucose and other molecules to release energy, occurring in the mitochondria
The process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organism’s activities.
Photosynthesis
ATP Synthesis
The process of producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that carries energy within cells, primarily occurring in the mitochondria during respiration
Chlorophyll
A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.
A set of chemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. It is the second major stage of photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle
A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These layers are key to the cell membrane and form a barrier that separates cellular components from the external environment.
Lipid Bilayer
Gene Expression
The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, often proteins, which then affect the cell’s structure and function
A cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell
Endocytosis
