B3.3 Muscle and motility HL

Question 1

Movement in Biology

Answer 1

Change in position or location of an organism or body part relative to its surroundings.

Question 2

Motile vs. Sessile Organisms

Answer 2

Motile organisms actively move, while sessile organisms are fixed in place but can show movement like growth towards light.

Question 3

Locomotion in Mammals

Answer 3

Use of skeletal muscles for movement, e.g., running, walking

Question 4

Locomotion in Birds and Insects

Answer 4

Use of wings for flying

Question 5

Bacterial Locomotion

Answer 5

Use of flagella for movement

Question 6

Movement in Sessile Organisms

Answer 6

Movement in response to external stimuli, e.g., growth of plant stem towards light

Question 7

Sarcomere

Answer 7

Contractile unit of skeletal muscles, consisting of actin and myosin.

Question 8

Sliding Filament Theory

Answer 8

Muscle contraction occurs when actin filaments slide over myosin, shortening the sarcomere.

Question 9

Role of Calcium in Muscle Contraction

Answer 9

Calcium ions bind to troponin, triggering muscle contraction.

Question 10

Role of ATP in Muscle Contraction

Answer 10

ATP binds to myosin, facilitating the detachment and reattachment for muscle contraction

Question 11

Titin in Muscles

Answer 11

Elastic protein in sarcomeres, preventing overstretching and aiding muscle recovery

Question 12

Antagonistic Muscles

Answer 12

Muscle pairs working in opposition, e.g., biceps and triceps

Question 13

Skeleton Functions

Answer 13

Support, protection, movement facilitation, and anchorage for muscles

Question 14

Types of Skeletons

Answer 14

Exoskeletons (external) and Endoskeletons (internal)

Question 15

Synovial Joints

Answer 15

Joints with synovial fluid allowing wide range of motion, e.g., hip joint.

Question 16

Role of Levers in Skeleton

Answer 16

Bones act as levers for muscle-generated movement.

Question 17

Range of Motion (ROM)

Answer 17

Type and amount of movement possible at a joint, measurable via goniometer

Question 18

Joint Angle

Answer 18

Angle at which a bone can move relative to its resting position

Question 19

Intercostal Muscles Function

Answer 19

Facilitate breathing by moving the rib cage

Question 20

External Intercostal Muscles

Answer 20

Lift the rib cage up and out during inhalation

Question 21

Internal Intercostal Muscles

Answer 21

Move rib cage down and in during exhalation

Question 22

Antagonistic Action in Intercostal Muscles

Answer 22

One muscle contracts while the other relaxes, aiding in breathing

Question 23

Role of Titin in Intercostal Muscles

Answer 23

Acts as a molecular spring, storing energy during muscle stretch

Question 24

Importance of Intercostal Muscles

Answer 24

Essential for altering thoracic cavity size for breathing

Question 25

Reasons for Locomotion

Answer 25

Foraging, escaping danger, finding a mate, migration

Question 26

Adaptations in Marine Mammals

Answer 26

Streamlined shape, flippers, fluke, specialized airways

Question 27

Locomotion for Foraging

Answer 27

Movement to find and gather food

Question 28

Locomotion to Escape Danger

Answer 28

Quick movement to avoid predators or threats

Question 29

Finding a Mate

Answer 29

Movement to locate and reach potential partners for reproduction

Question 30

Adaptations for Deep Diving in Marine Mammals

Answer 30

Enhanced oxygen storage, slowed heart rate, blood shunting to vital organs.