C3.1 Integration of Body Systems

Question 1

Emergent properties

Answer 1

A property that emerges only when the parts interact in a system
(i.e interactions of body systems make a cheetah a fast)

Question 2

Hormonal (endocrine) signaling

Answer 2

Chemical signals transmitted in the blood, which are widespread and long lasting - but are slower in their speed of response

Question 3

Electrical (neural) signaling

Answer 3

Electrical signals transmitted via synapses/neurons, which only target muscles/glands and are short lasting - but are very rapid in their speed of response

Question 4

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 4

Brain and spinal cord

Question 5

System integration

Answer 5

Component parts making up a system which servers a function

Question 6

Cerebellum

Answer 6

Responsible for voluntary coordination of skeletal muscle contraction and balance.

Question 7

Nerves

Answer 7

Bundles of nerve fibers which receive/detect information - can contain sensory & motor neurons -

Question 8

Reflex arc

Answer 8

Rapid involuntary response to a stimulus

Question 9

Sensory neurons

Answer 9

Receive signals from themselves or receptors and pass them as nerve impulses to the CNS

Question 10

Receptor cells

Answer 10

Detect specific stimuli (e.g., light, sound, touch, chemicals) and convert them into electrical nerve impulses.

Question 11

Interneurons

Answer 11

Neurons located the (CNS) that connect sensory and motor neurons - integrate, process, and relay information between incoming sensory inputs and outgoing motor outputs.

Question 12

Motor neurons

Answer 12

Neurons that transmit signals from the (CNS) to muscles and glands, triggering movement or secretion.

Question 13

Effectors

Answer 13

Carry out the response received from motor neurons - muscles & glands.

Question 14

Cycadean rythem

Answer 14

Sleep/awake rhythm regulated by photoreceptors detecting light, triggering the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland

Question 15

Suprachiasmatic nuclei cells (SNC)

Answer 15

Group of cells within the hypothalamus which control the secretion of melatonin by the pinery gland

Question 16

Hypothalamus

Answer 16

Produces hormones which are stored in the pirtuairy gland & triggers release of hormones

Question 17

Baroreceptors

Answer 17

Monitor blood pressure within the heart

Question 18

Cardiovascular center

Answer 18

Located in the medulla oblongata: processes inputs from baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and SA node to cause a change in heart rate

Question 19

Chemoreceptors

Answer 19

Monitor concentrations of O2, Co2, and pH in blood

Question 20

Parasympatric nervous system

Answer 20

responsible for digestion and rest

Question 21

Sympatric nervous system

Answer 21

responsible for danger

Question 22

Peristalsis

Answer 22

Movement of food down the gastrointestinal tract due to muscle contraction

Question 23

Trophic movements (positive/negative)

Answer 23

Growth of a plant directionally in response to stimulus

Question 24

Auxin

Answer 24

Promotes vertical plant elongation by increasing cell wall flexibility. Synthesized by stem meristems

Question 25

Auxin influx carries

Answer 25

Allow auxin to passively enter a plant cell

Question 26

Cytokinin

Answer 26

Promote cell division - works inversely with auxin. Synthesized by root meristems

Question 27

Ethylene

Answer 27

Ripens fruit by breaking down cell walls.