Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3- Reproduction > Breast Lectures 3-4 > Flashcards

Breast Lectures 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a fibroadenoma?

A

Most common breast tumour in adolescent and young adult women
Benign
Proliferation of epithelial and stormal elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What would a fibroadenoma feel like on palparion?

A

Well-circumcised, freely mobile. non-painful mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What may happen to a fibroadenoma if left untreated?

A

May regress with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In a fibroadenoma, if the ducts are distorted/ elongated, what type of growth pattern is this?

A

Intracanalicular growth pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In a fibroadenoma, if the ducts are not compressed, what type of growth pattern is this?

A

Pericanalicular growth pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Intraductal papilloma?

A

Benign tumour within breast ducts- can show epithelial hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a symptom of intraductal papilloma?

A

Nipple discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is fat necrosis of the breast?

A

Benign condition where the adipose tissue is damaged and ultimately leads to cell death and necrosis of the tissue of the breast

->can simulate carcinoma clinically and mammographically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What may be indicative of breast fat necrosis in the history?

A

Antecedent trauma
Prior surgical intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What would be seen histologically in breast fat necrosis?

A

Histiocytes with foamy cytoplasm
Lipid-filled cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What may be seen in breast fat necrosis on mammography?

A

Fibrosis
Calcifications
Egg shell- whatever that means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phyllodes tumour?

A

Fleshy tumour, leaf-like pattern and cysts on cut surface
Can be benign, borderline or malignant

->less than 1% of breast tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How would metastases of a Phyllodes tumour spread?

A

Haematogenously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How common is breast cancer?

A

Commonest type of cancer in the UK

Female > Male but 390 approx. male breast cancer diagnosis per year in UK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Risk factors of breast camcer?

A

Gender
Age
Age at first pregnancy
Radiation
FH
Personal history
Hormonal treatment
Genetic factors
Obesity, alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which genes are most commonly the cause of hereditary susceptibility to breast cancer?

A

BRCA1
BRCA2

->BRCA1-20-40%, BRCA2- 10-20%
TP53, PTEN or other genes can cause it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Some breast carcinomas can be described as being in situ. What does this mean?

A

Abnormal cells are only found in the place where they first formed, the original place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are two types of non-invasive carcinomas which are described as being in situ?

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ
Lobular carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe breast tumours which are found in situ.

A

If preinvasive, does not form a palpable tumour
Only detected on x-ray
No metastatic spread

Risk of invasion depending on grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some of the diagnostic procedures for breast tumours?

A

Clinical examination
Radiology- mammogram, ultrasound, MRI
Fine needle aspiration cytology
Needle core biopsy
Diagnostic excision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What will be described in the histology report of a breast tumour?

A

Invasive vs non-invasive
Histological type e.g. ductla vs lobular
Grade
Size
Margins
Lymph nodes
Oestrogen/progesterone receptor

22
Q

Which is the more common histological type of breast cancer- ductal or lobular?

A

Ductal - 85%
Lobular- 15%

23
Q

Where would local spread of breast cancer go?

A

Skin
Pectoral muscles

24
Q

Where would lymphatic spread of a breast cancer go?

A

Axillary and internal mammary nodes

25
Q

Where would blood spread of a breast cancer go?

A

Bone
Liver
Lungs
Brain

26
Q

Paget’s disease of the nipple?

A

Rare condition associated with breast disease.
Causes eczema like change to the areola.

27
Q

Symptoms of Paget’s disease of the nipple?

A

Pain or itching, scaling and redness

Mistaken for eczema

Can be ulceration, crusting and serous/bloody discharge from the nipple

28
Q

What is the most common abnormality of the male breast?

A

Gynecomastia- increase in subareolar tissue

29
Q

What can gynecomastia be associated with?

A

Hyperthyroidism
Liver cirrhosis
Chronic renal failure
Chronic pulmonary disease
Use of hormones- oestrogen, androgens and other drugs

30
Q

How many women will be affected by breast cancer?

A

1 in 7

->most common cancer in women

31
Q

Risk factors for breast cancer?

A

Age- increases with age
Previous breast cancer
Genetic- BRCA1, BRCA2
Early menarche
Late menopause
Late or no pregnancy
HRT
Excess alcohol
Weight
Post radiotherapy treatment for Hodgkin’s disease

32
Q

Which age group get screened for breast cancer?

A

50-70

33
Q

A lot of patients with breast cancer are asymptomatic and find out through screening.

However, what are some of the symptoms a patient with breast cancer may present with?`

A

Lump
Mastalgia- persistent unilateral pain
Nipple discharge- bloodstained
Nipple changes- Paget’s disease, retraction
Change in size or shape of breast
Dimpling of breast skin
Lymphoedema (swelling of arm)

34
Q

Would you be more worried about a painful breast lump or a painless breast lump?

A

Painless breast lump

35
Q

Anyone who presents with a breast lump requires triple assessment. What are the three parts?

A

Clinical- history and examination

Radiological- bilateral mammograms/ultrasound

Cytopathological- core biopsy

36
Q

What would you need to cover in FH in someone presenting with a breast lump?

A

Previous breast problems
FJ
Drug history
Hormonal status

37
Q

Let’s say the lump is in the right breast, which breast would you examine first?

A

Left- need to know what normal feels like first

38
Q

If nipple discharge was bilateral, how likely is this to be breast cancer?

A

Less likely as bilateral, would be more likely to be something systemic

39
Q

Is mammography more sensitive in older or younger women?

A

Older

->younger women have increased presence of glandular tissue so not as sensitive

40
Q

What are the two pathological types of breast cancer?

A

Ductal carcinoma- 80%
Lobular carcinoma- 10%

Others- 10%

41
Q

Do breast cancers in situ tend to be invasive or non-invasive?

A

Non-invasive

42
Q

If breast tumour size is <2cm, what stage of breast cancer is this?

A

Stage 1

43
Q

If breast tumour size is 2-5cm, what stage of breast cancer is this?

A

Stage 2

44
Q

If breast tumour size is >5cm, what stage of breast cancer is this?

A

Stage 3

45
Q

If breast tumour size is invading the surrounding skin, what stage of breast cancer is this?

A

Stage 4

46
Q

What are the aspects of breast cancer management/treatment?

A

Surgery
+/- radiotherapy
+/- chemotherapy
+/- hormonal therapy

47
Q

Two types of surgical procedure for breast cancer?

A

Mastectomy
Breast conservation surgery

->always try to do breast conserving therapy, studies show that if good margins and radiotherapy, survival is the same

48
Q

What is meant by sentinel lymph node biopsy?

A

First node to receive lymphatic drainage, so the first node the tumour spreads to.
If negative, the rest of the nodes are also negative for the cancer spread.

49
Q

What are some of the potential complications of axillary treatment?

A

Lymphoedema
Sensory disturbance
Nerve damage
Vascular damage
Radiation-induced sarcoma

50
Q
A

Year 3- Reproduction (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions