Breast Lecture 1-2 Flashcards
What are the different factors that contribute to breast size and shape?
Genetics
Race
Dietary factors
Which muscles does the breast lie anterior to?
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Where does the breast extend to and from?
3rd-6th rib
Sternal edge to midaxillary line
What attaches the breast to the dermis and helps to support of lobules of the gland?
Suspensory ligament of cooper
What is the pigmented area around the nipple called?
Areola
How many lobules of glandular tissue/parenchyma does each breast contain?
15-20
What is each breast lobule drained by?
Lactiferous duct
What tissue makes up the nipple?
Dense connective tissues
->elastic fibres and smooth muscles
Where is the position anatomically of the nipple?
Variable but tends to be 4th intercostal space
What is the areola?
Skin covering the nipple
Which types of gland does the areola have?
Numerous sweat and sebaceous glands
What happens to the size of the areola during pregnancy?
Increases in size
What is the function of the oily substance secreted by the sebaceous gland of the areola?
Provides protective lubricant for the nipple and the areola
Name the four quadrants the breast is divided into which helps with the description of any pathology.
Superolateral
Superomedial
Inferolateral
Inferomedial
Gynaecomastia?
Enlargement of breast tissue
Polymastia?
An extra breast
Polythelia?
An extra nipple
Athelia/amastia?
Absences of nipple or breast
Blood supply of the breast?
Branches of the axillary, internal thoracic and intercostal arteries
Venous drainage of the breast?
Internal thoracic vein
Axillary vein
Hormones are responsible for the functions of the breast.
Nerves convey sensory innervation to the breast.
Which nerves?
Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 4-6th intercostal nerves
Which lymph nodes does most of the breast tissue drain into?
Axillary lymph nodes
->some lymph may drain directly to supraclavicular or inferior cervical nodes
What is meant by a sentinel lymph node?
First draining node- the first node that receives any tumour pathology
Watch Breast Lecture 1 for anatomy revision
If this is before December lol
If you’re seeing this after, hope the anatomy exam went well xx
Cytology of breast?
Microscopic examination of a thin layer of cells
How can a sample from the breast be obtained for cytology?
Fine needle aspiration
Direct smear from nipple discharge
Scarpe of nipple with scalpal
Summarise what would be find in benign breast cytology.
Low/moderate cellularity
Cohesive group of cells
Cells of uniform size
Uniform chromatin pattern
Summarise what would be find in malignant breast cytology.
High cellularity
Crowding/overlapping of cells
Loss of cohesion
Nuclear pleomorphism
Hyperchromasia
Absence of bipolar nuclei
Summarise what is meant by C1-5 on the cytology scoring system?
C1- Unsatisfactory/ insufficient cells for diagnosis
C2- benign
C3- atypia (probably benign)
C4- suspicious (probably malignant)
C5- malignant
What is the treatment of cysts?
Aspiration - curative
Fluid can be discarded unless it is bloodstained or there is a residual mass
What are some of the complications of fine needle aspiration?
Pain
Haematoma
Fainting
Infection
Pneumothorax- rare
What is the functions of the lymph ducts of the breast?
Drain fluid
What is the functions of the lymph nodes of the breast?
Filter harmful bacteria and play a key role in fighting off infection
List some benign breast conditions.
Fibrocystic change- cysts, fibrosis, adenosis etc.
Fibroadenoma
Intraduct papilloma
Fat necrosis]
Duct ectasia
Symptom of duct actasia?
Nipple discharge
What would you expect to find in a fibroadenoma?
Circumcised mobile nodule in reproductive age
Non-painful
